Devising Safety Plans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Devising Safety Plans - Assignment Example Last week, he punched her in the ribs a couple of times, resulting in bruising, which she revealed to you.She fears for her safety, though she is not yet ready to move out or leave him. The situation presented in the case is slightly complex and tricky to any counselor. Refusal or unwillingness by Jeannine to leave Robert despite series of abuse creates a serious uphill in the designing of an effective safety plan. However, it is still the responsibility of a counselor to design a workable safety plan to protect the abused client (APA). In that line, safety plan for Jeannine can begin with assessment of the situation and concerns of the client, that have to covering the extent and magnitude of the past abuses and resolutions. The next step is to persuade Jeannine to leave home with counselor providing the alternative home while assuring the client about returning to Robert after some times of treatment (Joiner et al., 2009). The reason for devising the above safety plan relates to the fact that the client’s life is in danger and must be away from the abuser. Assuring the client about returning home is to create a give-take situation to address the unwillingness to leave Robert and still achieve safety. An alternative safety plan would involve reporting to police to initiate arrest and lead to incarceration of the abuser (Jaffe & Diamond, 2011). This cannot work well in the situation considering the seemingly close attachment of the abused to the abuser that can escalate or worsen crisis experienced by the client. Scenario 2: Maria states she met Justin at a party a couple months ago. They have gone out a few times. Justin has never been to Marias house but she has been to his apartment; client states she usually meets him at a restaurant or club. Their relationship had advanced somewhat physically, but never to a sexual culmination. Imagine

The threats of these in all 4 plays of act one Essay Example for Free

The threats of these in all 4 plays of act one Essay In this essay I will be portraying many different acts of emotion. Love and kindness can come very easily, but its just as easy to endanger and threaten it. Each of my paragraphs will represent a different play. The first play is called Love is a many slendoured thing by Alan Bleadsale. Its about two teenagers, Mickey and Dawn, who are set a project by their English teacher in which they have to work as a pair. Their target is to find out what young love means to a number of people. Mickey has intended to spend his time watching his team Liverpool play at home. Mickey, throughout the play remains cynical towards Dawn and all girls. This is probably him feeling inadequate compared to the more mature and more confident Dawn. This is shown on the first page when Mickey says, He made us sit next to a girl. A girl! Urgh! This instantly shows his scepticism and curiosity towards the other sex. Later on Dawn and Mickey are having an argument about boys being less mature than girls. This is when Dawn makes a very significant remark, No one in their right mind would fall in love with you. This instantly sets alarm bells of in the readers mind. This shows that Dawn has very intermit feelings towards Mickey and is trying to hide them. When the interview about young love falls on Dawns divorced Sister Janet, the growing bond between Dawn and Mickey is threatened. Janet sarcastically states, Young love? You want to know about young love? Ill tell you about young love. Its all lies, from beginning to end. That was a crucial point in the relationship between Dawn and Mickey. Later on Mickey is trying to get out of the whole reporter act, in order to go to the game. Surprisingly Dawn offer to go with him. At first Mickey is resentful but soon finds out she is also a Liverpool supporter. This is a major leap in their relationship. Near the end Dawn admits her love towards Mickey. As expected Mickey receives a massive shock and runs of. In the end they both accept it. Their love for each other. The next play is also about the relationship between two people, but in a very different mood. It is called On the face of it by Susan Hill. Set in an old mans garden, it is about a fourteen year old boy, Derry, whose face has been badly disfigured in an accident. He climbs into the garden, trying to escape the harsh realities of life. He then comes face to face with the old man, Mr Lamb. He expects him to be put of by his face (as most people are), but instead he engages Derry in a conversation about a variety of things. Mr Lamb isnt startled at all by Derrys face. This reaction is very kind but also much unexpected. Derry is at first suspicious and bitter, thinking Mr Lamb is only changing the conversation. Gradually though as the old man reveals that he to is handicapped (he lost a leg). He starts asking Derry many unexpected question. Always showing kindness. Derry then begins to relax and admits that hes enjoying his time with Mr Lamb. He still remains somewhat cautious, but Mr Lamb has given him a new confidence and enthusiasm for living. Derry then happily volunteers to help pick Mr Lambs crab apples. Instantly Mr Lamb tells him to instruct his mother where he is (because it was getting late). As he arrives home he explains about the eccentric old man. She instructs Derry to stay at home, Derry replies with some very powerful words, If I dont go back there, Ill never go anywhere in this world again. His mother is the obvious threat between Derry and Mr Lamb relationship. He runs back to the garden only to find that Mr Lamb had got the ladder and begun picking the apples, fallen and died. Derry is isolated by his disfigurement and is bitter about his fate. Mr Lamb is also an isolated, old solitary man. From Mr Lamb Derry learns to have a positive attitude to life, and at the same time gains confidence within him. We are left to ponder whether what Derry has learnt will be undone by the old mans death. The next plays called Mr Bruin who wants drove the bus by Don Haworth. This has more of a light hearted theme to it. Kindly Mr Bruin drives a bus which, every day makes a circuit of a number of villages, picking up school children and taking them to school in the nearby town. So kind is Mr Bruin that he gives lifts to those who need them. Here Mr Bruin explaining to the headmaster about picking up pedestrians, This poor old chap at Bench Road ends.. The headmaster then states, But it is against regulations to give lifts. He is also kind enough to wait for the kids who are late. This immense kindness is what is threatening his job. The result in all this is that the bus is getting to school late, meaning the kids miss part of the school day. Mr Bruin shows his kindness when he takes up the case of an overweight boy. He took him to the headmaster to find out if the child could do different things in certain lessons. Take woodwork, Fatty Foggon always hits things to hard or bends up breaking things due to his size. Mr Bruin wants him to be normal and do more constructive things with his time. Under pressure from a local councillor, the director of education and parents, the headmaster tells Mr Bruin to drive faster and keep better time. His subsequent speeding only brings in more complaints, but his final undoing comes when he dresses up as an elephant as part of an advertising stunt at the local supermarket. For this last act he is deemed irresponsible and is fired. Being the kind person he is, he walks away without a fuss. The final play is called Our day out by Willy Russell. Its about a school outing for a progress class in Liverpool. This is set in the inner city of Liverpool, a concrete jungle. The class were being taken to Conway in north Wales. In charge of the pupils is easy going Mrs Kay. Fearing what may result from her tolerant attitudes, the Headmaster sends the very uptight and strict Mr Briggs. Throughout the play theres a contrast of reactions between the two teachers towards the childrens behaviour. There are countless incidents with the children for example, staling sweets and animals from a zoo and a cafi and later gallivanting around at Conway castle. There are many other relations apart from the running battle between Mrs Kay and Mr Briggs. For example, the relations between the two younger teacher and the older boys and girls. Also the pressing problem of Carol, the girl to whom life offers so little in inner city Liverpool that shes prepared not to go back. Its her threatened suicide that brings out a new Mr Briggs, a kinder and more fun person. At the end of the trip Mr Briggs learnt a far more important lesson than the children, he learnt to live.

The Role of Media in Reporting Child Abuse Essays -- The Media and Chi

The media began to report upon child abuse when society decided that it was no longer a family issue. A study conducted by Fishman in 1978, stated that crimes perceived as â€Å"family matters†, such as child abuse and wife beating, were keep private because they were too common to warrant interest from journalists (McDevitt, p. 264, 1996). In fact, public attention to child abuse as a problem within our society â€Å"has often been tied to media attention on the subject† (McDevitt, p. 262, 1996). The media’s role in reporting child abuse is to help deter child abuse perpetrators and to inform the public. The media has the ability to make a negative or positive impact on the preception of child abuse. The publications about child abuse inform the public about different types of child abuse and neglect and incidents that happen within their community, and how to report child abuse. They serve to â€Å"sensitize, arouse public opinion on issues, influence policymakers, and call problem agencies to account† (McDevitt, p. 270, 1996). Understanding Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse is prevalent within our society. Some child experts â€Å"argue that almost all parents are guilty of emotional maltreatment of child at some time or another† (Crosson-Tower, p. 211, 2010). However, it remains â€Å"the most difficult type of abuse or neglect to define or isolate† (Rees, p. 59, 2010). While physical abuse leaves detectable signs like scars and bruises, emotional abuse is hidden deep within a person. It lacks the public profile of sexual or physical abuse (Rees, p. 59, 2010). Emotional abuse can be understood as the â€Å"failure to provide children with an emotional environment conducive to adequate psychological, developmental and physical progress to ac... ... Goldman, R. (2011, March 7). Jorge and Carmen Barahona's alleged beating death of daughter called 'subhuman'. ABC News, pp. 1-2. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-jorge-carmen-barahona-beat-death-adopted-daughter/story?id=13077739#.TyF0fPlG3xg Green, T. D. (2012, January 17). Alleged child rape, torture recounted in trial. The Leaf Chronicle, pp. 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.theleafchronicle.com/article/20120118/NEWS01/201180314/Alleged-child-rape-torture-recounted IJzendoom, M., Euser, E., Prinzie, P., Juffer, F., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2009). Elevated risk of child maltreatment in families with stepparetns but not with adoptive parents. 369-375: Child Maltreatment. McDevitt, S. (1996). The impact of news media on child abuse reporting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 261-274. Rees, C. A. (2010). Understanding emotional abuse. Arch Dis Child, 59-67.

Plato vs Aristotle Essay

Theatre is said to be a performing art that is always changing and whose every performance is unique (Downs 472). While there is a set definition of theatre, there hasn’t been a set reason as to why we do theatre, and many people such as Aristotle and Plato have come to a disagreement as to what that very nature is. However as a Christian I would have to say that I disagree with the philosophy of Plato and do believe that theatre helps open the mind of the viewers to see the world through a whole different lens. Plato argues that theatre should only be allowed if we ensure that it contains only characters that are suitable as role models, because it manipulates the way people think and make them forget who they are (Downs 6-7). However I believe that Plato really didn’t want viewers to see the world as it really was. It’s like Plato along with those who installed these beliefs in him wanted us to see a picture perfect world that didn’t really exist. The sad thing is that to some extent the government still control the way we view things through other entertainment. Plato’s view reminds me of the Christian nature. Take North Central and all their rules, for example. â€Å"Students may not work or attend any event that serves alcohol, students are not permitted to visit any other students of the opposite sex outside of visitation hours, students are only permitted to watch movies rated PG 13 on campus, students aren’t allowed any piercings but ears and nose and if they have any others, it shall be removed, they are only allowed to change their hair to natural colors, and the restrictions of certain websites such as Victoria secret etc, during internet usage (NCU Student Guide). It’s like they are telling us that we can express ourselves in however we choose to, but at the same time putting a line up as to how far we can go and choices as to the only ways we can express ourselves, afraid that how we dress, what we watch, listen to and do is going to stop us from being Christians. But no matter how many rules there are, North Central can’t become this picture perfect place, they can’t hide how life really is and form us into something we are not. I understand that they want to protect us and do what’s best. However hiding how things really are by putting us into a shell only makes things more complicated in the end. According to Webster’s dictionary, a role-model is a person whose behavior in a particular role is imitated by others (Webster Online). Plato said that theatre should only be allowed if they have characters that are role models (Downs 7), but who determines what or who a good role model is? A role model isn’t just one particular type of person. A role model can come in many different forms. Most people look for role models who have been through what they have been through, and overcame obstacles they faced in life that the particular imitator is still trying to overcome. Besides, if Plato suggests that characters act as role models to be able to be in theatre does that mean he didn’t mind if they weren’t role models off stage? Aristotle said â€Å"nature tends towards perfection, but doesn’t always attain it. † We tend to be healthy but become sick, we tend to be non-violent but there’s war, we tend toward love but there is hate. Therefore, we need art and theatre to correct the deficiencies of nature by clarifying, interpreting, and idealizing life (Downs 7). I feel like this is true in so many ways, We tend to try to be perfect in everything that we do that it has in a way became our human nature. There isn’t a need to be perfect, and as a Christian we all know that nobody is and will ever be perfect accept for God. We are all going to make mistakes in everything that we do, but instead of trying to cover up those mistakes, to cover up the flaws in our society to make it seem like we have a this perfect world, why not take the time to learn from them. Theatre gives us the chance to view our world from a different perspective and open our minds to changing the way we go about things and the way we think. Not necessarily in a negative way but a positive way. I don’t think theatre is there to corrupt our minds and make us change who we are completely, but just help us expand on our outlook on life. We go on in life looking at the world as we are and as we see it and get caught up into our on daily lives and think that we are in so much need that we tend to forget those that are in greater need right in front of us. We get so carried away that everyone in a while I have to even stop myself and ask God to help me see things through his perspective and not my own, otherwise majority of time we miss out on what’s important the most. In the bible, 1 Corinthians 9:22 it states, â€Å"To the weak I became weak, to win the weak. I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some (NIV Bible). Theatre is there to become what we are in a since, to hopefully reach us at our own level to save us from becoming worse than we are today. Although theatre is not the only thing that shapes us, it is one of the many aspects of life that can help us mode us into who we are, what we do, and how we thing. After I believe God gave us all our individual gifts to become like others so that we are able to be a witness to them and share his message in a way that others will understand. Work Cited Dictionary and Thesaurus – Merriam-Webster Online. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. . Downs, Williams M. , Lou A. Wright, and Erik Ramsey. The Art of Theatre Then and Now. 2nd ed. Boston: Rosenberg, 2010. Print. Downs, Williams M. , Lou A. Wright, and Erik Ramsey. The Art of Theatre Then and Now. 2nd ed. Boston: Rosenberg, 2010. Print. Holy Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007. Print. Student Guide, North Central University, 2010. Print.

Maternal Mortality Rate Sierra Leone Health And Social Care Essay

Sierra Leone is an African state that is portion of the developing states of the universe. It is made up of 20 cultural groups. Among them are the Creole ( Krio ) group of which 10 % are posterities of freed Jamaican slaves, ( Quindex mundi Profile, 2010 ) . In their July 2009 estimates a population of more than five million, with a decease rate as 22.22 deceases /1,000. In footings of gender specific maternal mortality rate it is estimated to be 1 in 9 births, ( UNICEF ) , motivating Amnesty International to nickname it â€Å" a human rights exigency. † This means that for every nine female parents who give birth in Sierra Leone, one is expected to decease, specifying its Maternal mortality rate as reeling compared to the remainder of the universe and even some other developing states, ( UNICEF ) . The ICD 2007 of the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines maternal decease is any decease of a female parent during gestation and up to 42 yearss after birth. This province of personal businesss in Sierra Leone is of peculiar importance when examined against the Millennium Development Goals of bettering maternal wellness by 2015. Like every state of the universe, Sierra Leone has been concern with achieving the stipulated ends of the Millennium by 2015, but seems non to be able to accomplish it. This has chiefly to make with the fact that they are a underdeveloped state and as such are plagued with the same sort of challenges that the remainder of the developing states faces. The 5th MDG calls for the decrease of maternal mortality by 75 % 2015. It is thought, that critical to achieving this end is optimal direction of pregnant adult females during labor, ( Ronsmans, Elahi Chowdhury, Koblinskyc & A ; Ahmedb, 2010 ) . They further advised that this can merely be achieved by using skilled medical suppliers, particularly during the labour procedure and for the first 24 hours thenceforth. WHO estimates, that in surplus of 528,000 adult females die annually due to complications environing kid bearing and gestation. A figure of obstetric conditions have been named as the common causes. They include ; sepsis, obstructed labor, bleeding, eclampsia, complications of abortion and ruptured wombs. They go on to describe that cumulatively, bleeding is the cause of more than half the maternal deceases in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for more than one-third obstetric deceases worldwide. In Sierra Leone, bleeding was so a major cause, the primary predisposing factor being the culturally ineluctable pattern of venereal mutilation, where it was reported that 90 % of the adult females in Sierral Leone have some signifier of Female Genital Mutilation ( FGM ) , ( Bitong 2005 ) . The ensuing cicatrix, particularly from the more invasive signifier of FGM, infibulation, significantly compromises the birth canal, frequently bring forthing cryings in the walls of the vagina and besides in creasing the usage of episiotomy, surgical scratch into the walls of the vagina, in order to ease birth. Both processes predisposes to post-partum bleeding and decease, particularly in the absence of trained medical forces, as is most frequently the instance in Sierra Leone. In 1980s, a chief end of primary attention in Sierra Leone was to accomplish the decrease of maternal mortality to 30 % of the present statistic, ( Konteh World Health Forum, 1998 ) . They hoped to hold accomplished this by the stopping point of the century. Konteh notes that the mark was non reached and gives a figure of grounds for its failure. One of the grounds, he postulates was that intercession techniques employed, were non specific for the population. The â€Å" Human Services Practitioner † Systemic codification ( 2008 ) , stipulates that any intercession aimed at a population must be done with thorough cognition of the population to be served and technics specially to run into the demand of that population. The absence of that cultural specificity has been identified as the ground why many of the pregnant adult females refrained from utilizing the services that were made available. Even so, when some of the adult females attempted to utilize the clinics, they were me t with really aggressive and unfriendly nurses and other wellness attention forces, ( Konteh, 1998 ) . He besides noted that there was a really hapless prenatal history since most of the adult females refused to go to the prenatal clinics allow entirely the postpartum 1s. For this ground a female parent ‘s child birth history was mostly unknown and as such wellness attention professionals were unable to make put on the line stratification programs to efficaciously cover with any at hand complications. Notwithstanding, many bringings happened in places. In 1996, â€Å" about 69.5 % of bringings in the anterior 24 months occurred at place, 21.5 % were performed at a wellness Centre, and about 9 % occurred in the infirmary, † ( Konteh, 1997 ) . He cites that this was due chiefly to the fact that distant countries were normally non reached by maternal wellness Plutos. Those countries were preponderantly served by, traditional accoucheuses called â€Å" traditional parturit ion helpers † . Further to that, Konteh notes, these birth helpers were non good perceived among the wellness suppliers because their supplies, instruments and tools were unsterile and often the cause of infection frequently with fatal results. The Southern Cross of the affair is that Sierra Leone sees less than 50 % of its birth done by medical forces that are trained in labor, and even a smaller proportion of pregnant adult females of all time attend prenatal clinics, ( Wachuku, 1994 ) . The inevitable rise in mortality rate has led to international administrations like the Marie Stopes International ( MSI ) to get down work in Sierra Leone in an effort to extenuate the impact of the lifting maternal mortality rate in that state. Through its local non-governmental spouse, the â€Å" Marie Stopes Society, Sierra Leone † ( MSSSL ) , this administration in 1986 was involved in constructing five clinic across Sierra Leone. During their discourse what they found as another major cause of the blue maternal mortality rate had to make with beliefs that were steeped in societal and civilization patterns like venereal mutilation, authenticating the earlier study by the WHO, that venereal mutilation was holding important effe ct for the wellness of the female parent in childbearing. Those societal and cultural issues were considered to be a major obstruction to the effectual direction of labour exigencies. One illustration is the belief that labour enduring for more than 48 hours are non considered a complication of gestation, ( Wachuku, 1994 ) . In western medical specialty this is termed drawn-out labor and has built-in complications like obstructed labor, uterine rupture and bleeding, ( Collins, Arulkumaran, Hayes, Jackson & A ; Impey, 2008 ) . This is confounded by the belief that when complication occurs, it is frequently defined as a natural cause and non considered to be of an obstetric/medical beginning. The MSSSL further found that transit and deficiency of resources in the Centres impedes the bringing of exigency services when the demand arises. Konteh, ( 1997 ) composing in the community development diary, cites a figure of socioeconomic identifiers together with some wellness variables impacting maternal mortality rates in 12 chiefdoms in Sierra Leone. He foremost indicates that early matrimony was straight related to the high para, and went on to describe that more than 40 per centum ( 40 % ) of the married adult females did so by the clip they were 15 old ages old. He besides recorded that in the age group of 45- 90, approximately 85 % of them had six or more kids. He found the highest para of more than nine kids among 55.1 % of the adult females population, with even higher birthrate in some localized countries. Then effect of increased para include placenta previa, arrangement of the placenta excessively near to the neck, placenta abroptio, shed blooding between the placenta and the womb and hasty labor, highly fast labor, all of which increases the hazard of post-partum bleeding, ( Oxford Handbook of Obstetric and Gyn aecology 2009 ) . This is go oning against the back bead that the bulk of adult females have ne'er received primary instruction, a critical determiner of wellness, ( WHO, 2010 ) . Equally far as business is concerned 80 % -90 % of the population in the countries studied by ( Kendeh 1997 ) , were subsistence husbandmans who are hapless, another of import determiner of wellness as defined by the WHO. This is non so state that the authorities did non recognize and was non concerned with the rate at which maternal deceases were go oning. ( Kendeh, 1997 ) noted that the authorities recognised the demand to set in topographic point plans to extenuate the increasing mortality rate among pregnant and post-partum adult females. He found that the Government embarked upon developing community incentives to be competent in community instruction and formation of small town action groups, which was to ease emergent conveyance of adult females in labor who develop complications. In 1993 -1994 some betterment was seen but the Numberss rapidly dropped due to terrible break in service caused by civil discord, ( Kendeh et al. 1997 ) . From 1991, there has been old ages of political instability in Sierra Leone from the â€Å" Revolutionary United Front † ( RUT ) who overthrew the Government and was merely able to return to democratic regulation boulder clay 1998, ( Global security, 2005 ) . This did non give the authorities adequate clip to see the program that began bettering the maternal decease state of affairs come to fruition. Absorbing the foregoing information still begs some inquiries. What so is ground for the high maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone, particularly since the chief cause of maternal mortality rate is non alone to Sierra Leone? What sets them apart from the other developing states that pattern FGM and have high incidence of post-partum bleeding? The reply lies in the apprehension that foremost, non merely does Sierra Leone pattern FGM, but they pattern the most extremist signifier of it, infibulation. Infibulation, classified as type III, involves the entire deletion of the external genital organ and the partial sewing of the vagina, go forthing merely a little mercantile establishment for menses ( Bitong, 2005 ) . It is the most utmost signifier of FGM and ninety four per centum 94 % of adult females in Sierra Leone are subjected to this signifier of FGM. This is go oning against the background that this pattern, while with a prevalence rate of 90 % , prevalence is highest in the rur al countries that have really small trained wellness attention forces or health care installations, and where most of the births are still done by the traditional birth helpers. As a consequence, though bleeding is the common cause of maternal mortality, in Sierra Leone, it more likely than non, to ensue in decease for the female parent. It is instead unfortunate that the blue maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone will non demo important betterment, 0.1 % as stipulated by the WHO. One implicit in ground for the deficiency of betterment is the trouble that authorities faces to supply entree to wellness service and equip installations in distant countries. This is compounded by the job of FGM, which is so culturally deep-rooted, that attempts to turn to it hold been met with violent opposition. This means that to efficaciously pull off this unstable place, a paradigm displacement will hold to happen as it relates to gender mutilation, para, apprehension of what constitutes an obstetric exigency, handiness of trained wellness assistance with civilization sensitive attitudes and general betterments in entree to wellness attention. Obviously this will demand a many-sided attack by many stakeholders to stem the tide, every bit good as an injection of foreign assistance to assist run into the costs. This is the repeating quandary in so many developing states, so much to make with so small resources, a state of affairs that is confounded by political instability. Public wellness professionals will hold to go on to make what they have ever done – research, enlighten, give way and merely wait to see if the guidelines are heeded. Meanwhile, the hapless and vulnerable die day-to-day.

Free Essays on The New Deal

â€Å"The New Deal Was Not† The New Deal, as passed by Franklin Roosevelt, marked a change in the American government from being based on, as Richard Hofstadter puts it, â€Å"the philosophy of Hobbes and the religion of Calvin† (5); in fact, the New Deal shows America’s first understanding of economics. By extending national regulation over new areas of the economy, the New Deal successfully engaged in a broad series of experiments designed to relieve the distress and unemployment caused by the Great Depression; however, no matter how great this â€Å"New† Deal sounds, it was not new at all. In reality, the true New Deal was the second New Deal, which was simply rewritten according to mandates of the Supreme Court after it rejected thirteen out of the fifteen proposed points. This Second New Deal was the true â€Å"New† Deal because it, not its earlier counterpart, that sought to regulate the economy in new ways. Moreover, this Deal turned out to be the successful one. Roosevelt’s success was rooted in his amiable personality; he had a way about him that assured Americans that, by following him, life would turn out good. When he was first elected President, Roosevelt assured the American people, in his inaugural address, that he would take drastic action against the economic emergency he had on his hands. During his presidency, Roosevelt was able to maintain the confidence of Americans through his â€Å"fireside chats,† during which he explained the plans he had to Americans over the radio. In these â€Å"chats,† and in all of his briefings to America, Roosevelt had an air of urgency around him. He once said, â€Å"This nation asks for action, and action now†¦. We must act, and act quickly†(New Deal 1). Roosevelt instituted signs of relief from the very beginning of his ascendance. Because of such great panic about bank failures, Roosevelt declared a â€Å"bank holiday,† which closed all American ban ks for four days unti... Free Essays on The New Deal Free Essays on The New Deal â€Å"The New Deal Was Not† The New Deal, as passed by Franklin Roosevelt, marked a change in the American government from being based on, as Richard Hofstadter puts it, â€Å"the philosophy of Hobbes and the religion of Calvin† (5); in fact, the New Deal shows America’s first understanding of economics. By extending national regulation over new areas of the economy, the New Deal successfully engaged in a broad series of experiments designed to relieve the distress and unemployment caused by the Great Depression; however, no matter how great this â€Å"New† Deal sounds, it was not new at all. In reality, the true New Deal was the second New Deal, which was simply rewritten according to mandates of the Supreme Court after it rejected thirteen out of the fifteen proposed points. This Second New Deal was the true â€Å"New† Deal because it, not its earlier counterpart, that sought to regulate the economy in new ways. Moreover, this Deal turned out to be the successful one. Roosevelt’s success was rooted in his amiable personality; he had a way about him that assured Americans that, by following him, life would turn out good. When he was first elected President, Roosevelt assured the American people, in his inaugural address, that he would take drastic action against the economic emergency he had on his hands. During his presidency, Roosevelt was able to maintain the confidence of Americans through his â€Å"fireside chats,† during which he explained the plans he had to Americans over the radio. In these â€Å"chats,† and in all of his briefings to America, Roosevelt had an air of urgency around him. He once said, â€Å"This nation asks for action, and action now†¦. We must act, and act quickly†(New Deal 1). Roosevelt instituted signs of relief from the very beginning of his ascendance. Because of such great panic about bank failures, Roosevelt declared a â€Å"bank holiday,† which closed all American ban ks for four days unti...

I Hear America Essays - Euphoriants, Heroin, Morphinans, Morphine

I Hear America Essays - Euphoriants, Heroin, Morphinans, Morphine I Hear America I hear Americas plead for a place of tranquility, far and bright as the sun. A mom crying for a black son, gone to the cruel actions of racism. A child screaming as a bullet let loose, another innocent classmate lost. A boy watching his friends life slip away to heroin, cocaine, and A daughter hiding in the dark closet, avoiding the hard blows of her alcoholic father. A dad waiting in the ER room, after a disturbing phone call on a drunk driver accident. A girl numbed by fear, too nave to understand the disease a filthy man had given her. I see America dream of an insubstantial place.

Mayahuel - The Aztec Goddess of Maguey

Mayahuel - The Aztec Goddess of Maguey Mayahuel was the Aztec goddess of maguey or agave (Agave americana), a cactus plant native to Mexico, and the goddess of pulque, an alcoholic drink made from agave juices. She is one of several goddesses who protect and support fertility in its different guises.   Key Takeaways: Mayahuel Alternate Names: NoneEquivalents: 11 Serpent (post-classic Mixtec)Epithets: The Woman of 400 BreastsCulture/Country: Aztec, Post-classic MexicoPrimary Sources: Bernadino Sahagun, Diego Duran, several codices, especially the Codex MagliabechianoRealms and Powers: Maguey, pulque, drunkenness, fertility, revitalizationFamily: The Tzitzimime (powerful destructive celestial beings who embodied creative powers), Teteoinan (Mother of the Gods), Toci (Our Grandmother) and the  Centzon Totochtin (400 Rabbits, Mayahuels children) Mayahuel in Aztec Mythology   Mayahuel was one of several Aztec gods and goddesses of fertility, each of whom had specific roles. She was the goddess of maguey, and patron of the 13-day festival (trecena) in the Aztec calendar that starts with 1 Malinalli (grass), a time of excesses and a lack of moderation.   Mayahuel was known as â€Å"the woman of the 400 breasts,† probably a reference to the many sprouts and leaves of maguey and the milky juice produced by the plant and transformed into pulque. The goddess is often depicted with full breasts or breastfeeding, or with many breasts to feed her many children, the Centzon Totochtin or â€Å"the 400 rabbits,† who were the gods associated with the effects of excessive drinking.   Appearance and Reputation In the existing Aztec codices, Mayahuel is depicted as a young woman with multiple breasts, emerging from a maguey plant, holding cups with foaming pulque. In the Codex Borbonicus, she wears blue clothing (the color of fertility), and a headdress of spindles and unspun maguey fiber (ixtle). The spindles symbolize the transformation or revitalization of disorder into order.   The Bilimek Pulque Vessel is a piece of carved dark green phyllite completely covered in complex iconographic signs, and in the collections of the Welt Museum in Vienna, Austria. Made in the early 1500s, the jar has a large head projecting out from the side of the vase that has been interpreted as the day sign Malinalli 1, the first day of Mayahuels festival. On the reverse side, Mayahuel is illustrated as decapitated with two streams of aquamiel squirting out from her breasts and into a pulque pot below.   Other associated images include a stele from the great classic period pyramid of Teotihuacan dated between 500–900 CE which shows scenes from a wedding with guests drinking pulque. A rock painting at the postclassic Aztec site of Ixtapantongo illustrates Mayahuel rising from a maguey plant, holding a gourd in either hand. Her head is crowned with the head of a bird and a feathered head-dress. In front of her is a pulque god and Pantecal, the father of her 400 children.   The Myth of the Invention of Pulque According to the Aztec myth, the god Quezalcoatl decided to provide humans with a special drink to celebrate and feast and gave them pulque. He sent Mayahuel, goddess of maguey, to the earth and then coupled with her. To avoid the rage of her grandmother and her other ferocious relatives the goddesses Tzitzimime, Quetzalcoatl and Mayahuel transformed themselves into a tree, but they were found out and Mayahuel was killed. Quetzalcoatl collected the bones of the goddess and buried them, and in that place grew the first plant of maguey. For this reason, it was thought that the sweet sap, the aguamiel, collected from the plant was the blood of the goddess. A different version of the myth tells that Mayahuel was a mortal woman who discovered how to collect aquamiel (the liquid), and her husband Pantecalt discovered how to make pulque. Sources Garnett, W. The Paintings at Tetitla, Atetelco and Ixtapantongo. Artes de Mà ©xico 3 (1954): 78–80. Print.Kroger, Joseph and Patrizia Granziera. Aztec Goddesses and Christian Madonnas: Images of the Divine Feminine in Mexico. Ashgate Publishing, 2012.Milbrath, Susan. Decapitated Lunar Goddesses in Aztec Art, Myth, and Ritual. Ancient Mesoamerica 8.2 (1997): 185–206. Print.Miller, Mary, and Karl Taube. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames Hudson, 1993.Taube, Karl. Las Origines del Pulque. Arqueologia Mexicana 7 (1996) :71. The Bilimek Pulque Vessel: Starlore, Calendrics, and Cosmology of Late Postclassic Central Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 4.1 (1993): 1–15.

Marriage and Divorce Workshop Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marriage and Divorce Workshop - Assignment Example The couple also has to connect on an intelligence level. If the couple’s intelligence levels are too different, then they connect less, and this could lead to conflict and divorce. The couple also needs to be at the same level of maturity, which allows them to connect on an emotional level. Emotional congruence involves the feelings that the couple has in the relationship. If one of them is not happy, then the other is not happy. It is only when they are on a similar maturity level that they can decipher each other’s emotions correctly. The couple’s hearts also have to connect, i.e. love and trust. Lack of this connection is another major cause of divorce. Sexual connection is also very important in marriage since varying sex drives can lead to misunderstandings and conflict. Finally, biological connections also affect the strength of the relationship, for example, touch and taste. Couples who have a lasting relationship have a strong biological connection; for e xample, when they are close to each other, they have a good feeling. Patterns of Relationships There are four patterns in a relationship, the first of which is a dependent-dependent relationship. In this relationship, neither of the individuals that make the couple makes the final decisions since their decision is collaborative. The couple is usually afraid to make these decisions leading to conflict, which, in turn, leads to the root boat crashing. This sort of relationship happens when two people form a relationship because neither can stay alone. The individuals feel as if they cannot rely on themselves. This sort of relationship could result in a feeling of being imprisoned by the neediness. While this relationship can be healthy, it is grounded in desperation. Dependent-independent relationships involve the dependence of one individual on another in the relationship. In this relationship pattern, only one of them will grow, with the dependent person also hoping to grow. This is the traditional form of a relationship where the wife is dependent on an independent husband. This reduces conflict and ensures that the boat is relatively steady. Independent-independent relationships involve a couple who depend on themselves. This relationship can be considered as a fair relationship since both individuals can be successful and wealthy within the relationship; these relationships do not last for very long. The boat, in this case, will rock and may sink at some point. Interdependent-interdependent relationships involve a couple who both have their own opinions. These relationships experience a lot of conflicts because the individuals in the relationship have many different opinions, which will see the boat rock. In this relationship, the individuals, mutually depend on the other, and it differs from dependent relationships where some individuals are dependent while some are not.  

Teaching Turkish through Turkish novels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching Turkish through Turkish novels - Essay Example This essay discusses that the Turkish language is blessed with significant writers who took pains to write exquisite books portraying life around a plethora of backgrounds and events that had readers glued to the books they wrote. They are interesting and make the business of language learning so much simpler and easier (Dino, Guzine; 1986).Teaching Turkish through Turkish novels is a wonderful challenge. The teacher has only to encourage the hesitant student to take the plunge. The process may be slow initially because the student has to stop time and again to check grammar and vocabulary. But soon, armed with improving language, the student will gain confidence and discard the use of grammar text books and the dictionary. Today, learning the Turkish language using novels makes learning a quicker and simpler proposition. It works well when these novels are translated into English or the learner’s mother tongue. The student can then read the novel in his own language and then continue with the novel in the Turkish language.This depends on the capacity of the student to learn, and a written test at the end of the course. Some basic expressions can be learnt fairly quickly. Simple expressions such as: Ne yapÄ ±yorsun? (What are you doing?), Evli misiniz? (Are you married?), or Selam Ãâ€"zge, nereden geliyorsun? (Hi Ozge, where are you from?) are capable of being learnt fast. However, grammar and vocabulary takes time. But novel reading helps in learning grammar and vocabulary faster (Ãâ€"ztopà §u, Dr. KurtuluÅŸ; 2006).

Benefits on Sring Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefits on Sring - Speech or Presentation Example While there are many breakthroughs that have been made and that make lives easier, the S-ring will transform the financial world by reducing or possibly eliminating any visits to banks or even carrying liquid cash. Due to the technology incorporated in the device, the S-ring will provide a faster access to the required information thus saving time. Since you may be worried about the safety of your money when using this device, that sector has also been catered for by the S-ring technology. The S-ring will use one of the most secure verification ways, which is your fingerprint. This device will only accept a specific user’s fingerprint so as to authorize a transaction. The personal information being accessed when transacting would be secured so that any third party would not access it. Therefore, the user may rest assured that their money is secure. There will be ease of access when using the S-ring. This is because it will be easier for the user to purchase stuff that does not exceed a specified amount. For more personalization, as the user, you can set the maximum amount of funds available to this technology. When using the technology, the users will be required to hold hands. This will lead to more interactions as well as bonding of people. This implies that the S-ring will foster better social relationships as well as social networking. For improved reliability, the device will enable instant access to users’ banking systems. The S-ring’s account can be connected to multi banking channels instantly when the transactions are being made. The user should not worry about the security of their money because the device will be highly secured and the data will only be shared between individual banks. To further keep the users at ease, the device will make use of the most up to date banking security systems to ensure that intrusion possibilities are eliminated. Financial transactions between different banks can be achieved through a

South Asian Sufism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

South Asian Sufism - Research Paper Example This diversity has to a certain extent been created by the subcontinent?s numerous linguistic and cultural customs and its unique networks beyond the region. In terms of Islamic roots, Sufism has, in a way, played a key role in the spread of Islamic devotional and spiritual life in South Asia. At some stage in the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., a novel prominence began to grow within Islam. This prominence was a constructive response against the established uncongenial and ceremonial nature of Islam. The quest for deeper meaning started with a pietistic simplicity, which in turn led to the advance of the well-acknowledged mystical side of Islam - known as Tasawwuf or Sufism. Sufism is in essence a spiritual form of Islam focusing on the connection between the individual and divinity. The Sufis surfaced in South Asia around 800 years ago, and were initially stanch devotees, whose meager woolen attire signified their humility, hence the word â€Å"Sufi† that denotes Arabic wor d for wool. The Sufis sought the mysticism, divine realism or eventual truth that stands over all the fantasies and deceptions about the materialistic society. In order to attain ecstatic unification with God, Sufis integrated practices of sound and actions -- chanting and harmony, swaying and dance. Sufi followers joined in closed brotherhoods or tariqahs, each following a captivating leader (shaykh). They offered an Islam that fused South Asian customs and worship styles, including Christian saints and Hindu gods. Sufism highlights the importance of â€Å"Real†, as distinctive from a faint acceptance of what is considered to be real in everyday existence, by authentic comprehension of the self and the 'veils' which separate it from any understanding of the truth. (ELWELL-SUTTON). This also implies a quest for real existence. It also emphasized empathy from one soul to another, in spite of all other differences. The Sufi trend drew attraction throughout South Asia (as well a s Eurasia and Eastern Europe) can be recapitulated in Rafiq Zakaria?s book as: â€Å"Though unconcerned with affairs of state, the sufis had a profound influence on the Muslim polity. They humanized its rigours and reduced the area of conflict between religion and politics. They gave Islam a broader base. Non-Muslims flocked to sufi hospices in large numbers and in due course hundreds of thousands came into the fold of Islam. . . .† (Zakaria) Sufism: Spirituality or Libertarianism? Despite the fact that Sufism has been majorly identified as the spiritual and mystic extension of Islam, parts of literary research argues about the existence of Sufism as a political entity. For example, the way Sufis' tombs surfaced and grew as places of pilgrimage indicate that the ‘missionary’ agenda of the Islamic mystics was devised primarily for conversion and the establishment of Perso-Arabian cultural control in South Asia (R.Upadhyay). Despite of the cultural relevance of Suf ism, over the period of time, differences have also arisen from divergence of interests among Muslims over what should be the right standard for cultural and political life. As Sufism endorsed various forms of cultural articulation, it did not extend unilaterally as a response to orthodoxy and legalistic rigorism but from time to time it harmonized and engaged in these developments. In the same way, hostility between shari‘a (law) and tariqa (Sufi path) in Islam is an open topic of debate, although Sufi researchers emphasize that

Evidence of cash conservative and low-leverage firms in UK and Germany Dissertation

Evidence of cash conservative and low-leverage firms in UK and Germany - Dissertation Example The financials of the firms are extracted from the fiscal years 2005 to 2012 and statistically analyzed to establish and prove a hypothesis that the agencies practice cash conservatism and low leverage financial policy; particularly in times of economic recession. CONTENTS COVER PAGE________________________________________________________________1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 The United Kingdom and germany_________________________________5 1.2 FINANCIAL Conservatism AND DISTRESS______________________________8 1.3 Agency and Stewardship theory..._________________________________11 CHAPTER 2 review of literature_________________________________________12 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 14 3.1 Empirical Framework 19 3.2 Data Sample 20 3.3 Results 24 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION _________________________________________________26 WORKS CITED_____________________________________________________________29 Appendices _________________________________________________________ ______31 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The foundations of a firm’s financial theory can be found in the firm’s organizational culture and structure, the national financial policies, investors, and economic factors. In business, decision-making processes include different perspectives which are reflected in the corporate governance policies. The perspective is relative to the source of financial wisdom, accompanied by the degree of inclusion of Values and Ethics. Theorists have come to believe that contributions to an engaged, politically aware form of multicultural theorizing may cast some light on debates about corporate governance and social responsibility, policy making strategies, and profits. Distinctly, attic eccentric people, for example, Hayek (1976) stressed on the fact that the present-day permissive pre-occupation on ‘the mirage of justice’ could lead them to overlook the procedure that permissive strategies depend too heavily upon market which is not a centralized one and positioned on individual firms, and the final product of this cannot be deduced and is unforeseeable. According to an empirical study by Iona, Leonida, and Ozkan (2004): â€Å"The final result also tells that legislative occupancy, board formation and, to some extent, ownership congregation are vital elements of the possibility of organizations taking up middle-of-the-road financial schemes.† The strategies of cash holding and leverage are traditionally used as factors to determine the level of conservatism in a firm’s financial policy. Corporate executive management experience challenges when the interests of the business coupled with the personal interests of the investors, the organization, or managerial cabinet. This occurs frequently during periods of financial distress. The Agency theory developed amongst concerns for property rights, business economics, business law, and political philosophies, to include the studies of economists and busin ess analysts (Reference for Business, 2013). This paper will investigate the existence and magnitude of financial conservatism in firms in the United Kingdom and in Germany by empirical research of their financial data with regard to financial crises. 1.1 The United Kingdom and Germany In relation to this, the same predicament is there. It should not be ignored that the markets and macroeconomic variables have a great connection with each

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Questions - Essay Example It has been reported that GhostNet worked on behalf of the Chinese government. This group causes the target computers to download the malicious software and gives control of computers to attackers. The US department of Defence has been attacked so many times by this group (Lord & Sharp, 2011). Cyber attackers target the important official websites for breaching the important data. Threats of computer security are inventive, which are used to harm the individual as well as business computer systems. For example, the computer network of the White House was breached by hackers on October 2012. They used the spear phishing attack. Another incident occurred when federal IT staff of Canada was fooled by hackers as giving them access to computers of government offices. In this way, the hackers got the access of the government systems (Websene, 2012). Both, individuals and businesses can install the perimeters firewalls, which permit only the authorized users to access the network. The network can be protected from the attack â€Å"Denial of service â€Å"by using the perimeter firewalls. An individual or business network administrator should configure the email servers to remove or block the attachment of emails, which are used to spread the viruses, and other, many attacks. Individuals and businesses must keep the backups of their important data (Symantec Corporation, 2011). It is concluded that the information security is important from both inside and outside attackers. Similarly, the data security from blended attacks must be ensured for both individuals and

Evidence of cash conservative and low-leverage firms in UK and Germany Dissertation

Evidence of cash conservative and low-leverage firms in UK and Germany - Dissertation Example The financials of the firms are extracted from the fiscal years 2005 to 2012 and statistically analyzed to establish and prove a hypothesis that the agencies practice cash conservatism and low leverage financial policy; particularly in times of economic recession. CONTENTS COVER PAGE________________________________________________________________1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 The United Kingdom and germany_________________________________5 1.2 FINANCIAL Conservatism AND DISTRESS______________________________8 1.3 Agency and Stewardship theory..._________________________________11 CHAPTER 2 review of literature_________________________________________12 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 14 3.1 Empirical Framework 19 3.2 Data Sample 20 3.3 Results 24 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION _________________________________________________26 WORKS CITED_____________________________________________________________29 Appendices _________________________________________________________ ______31 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The foundations of a firm’s financial theory can be found in the firm’s organizational culture and structure, the national financial policies, investors, and economic factors. In business, decision-making processes include different perspectives which are reflected in the corporate governance policies. The perspective is relative to the source of financial wisdom, accompanied by the degree of inclusion of Values and Ethics. Theorists have come to believe that contributions to an engaged, politically aware form of multicultural theorizing may cast some light on debates about corporate governance and social responsibility, policy making strategies, and profits. Distinctly, attic eccentric people, for example, Hayek (1976) stressed on the fact that the present-day permissive pre-occupation on ‘the mirage of justice’ could lead them to overlook the procedure that permissive strategies depend too heavily upon market which is not a centralized one and positioned on individual firms, and the final product of this cannot be deduced and is unforeseeable. According to an empirical study by Iona, Leonida, and Ozkan (2004): â€Å"The final result also tells that legislative occupancy, board formation and, to some extent, ownership congregation are vital elements of the possibility of organizations taking up middle-of-the-road financial schemes.† The strategies of cash holding and leverage are traditionally used as factors to determine the level of conservatism in a firm’s financial policy. Corporate executive management experience challenges when the interests of the business coupled with the personal interests of the investors, the organization, or managerial cabinet. This occurs frequently during periods of financial distress. The Agency theory developed amongst concerns for property rights, business economics, business law, and political philosophies, to include the studies of economists and busin ess analysts (Reference for Business, 2013). This paper will investigate the existence and magnitude of financial conservatism in firms in the United Kingdom and in Germany by empirical research of their financial data with regard to financial crises. 1.1 The United Kingdom and Germany In relation to this, the same predicament is there. It should not be ignored that the markets and macroeconomic variables have a great connection with each

The effect of the United Kingdom on the business environment of the EU Essay

The effect of the United Kingdom on the business environment of the EU - Essay Example The Single European Act that was enacted through the provisions of the Treaty of Rome is a key factor in the evolvement of the EU. It created the Single Market which has been one of the greatest and most successful actions initiated by national governments in the Union. This Act was designed not only for fair trade practices but also for the purpose of mutual acceptance of qualifications, harmonizing company law, imposing taxes and levies, the support of government to industries and other aspects such as government initiatives which enhance or diminish the advantageous position of a company.In December 1992, the Member States agreed to ratify this legislation. However this is not final as the unification process is a continuous one. The Treaty of Rome contemplated a free market in goods and services. Nearly seventy per cent of the European GDP emanates from this free market. Critics argue that firms that were in operation in the previous Member States that had streamlined costs and s tandards could be slowly weakened or injured by new firms in the new Member States with substandard ethics and costs. In order to meet this eventuality the Council of Ministers has endeavoured, several times, to set up a Services Directive with a standard regulatory framework, which is under examination and has not yet been finalized (Walsh, Stephens, & Moore, 2000, p59).The United Kingdom was not only unable to accept the supremacy of the EU but it was also reluctant to abandon its sovereignty. The current position is that Tony Blair's regime also chooses to extend cooperation by way of intergovernmental arrangements. It continued this stance of ignoring the predominant role of the European Court of Justice. In the year 1997, during the Amsterdam Summit the UK government was successful in retaining its right to maintain barriers at its national boundaries (Hall & Bhatt, Policing Europe. EU Justice and Home Affairs co - operation). It had regularly interpreted the principles of free movement under the Single European Act according to its convenience and in a manner that differed from other Member States. It does not want to permit EU citizens or anyone else to travel without a passport in the UK and it upholds its right to control the travel of non - EU nationals into Britain. This opt - out position exempts the UK from implementing the provisions of the EU, which provides for less stringent passport restrictions, and from permitting immigration and granting asylum. However, the UK is bestowed with a right to opt - in to EU arrangements in the future (Hall & Bhatt, Policing Europe: EU Justice and Home Affairs co-operation). The political importance of the UK's EU policy depends upon Justice and home affairs. Two significant decisions that represent its position of keeping away from EU integration are the decision not to join the EMU and the decision to opt - out from the implementation of free - movement of goods and people. The UK's ambition is to become the most important Member State in the EU and acquire a dominant position on par with France and Germany (Hall & Bhatt, Policing Europe: EU Justice and Home Affairs co-operation). In order to fulfill its aspirations the UK will chose the opt - in option in more free - movement policies in the near future. This strategy will endow it with a major role in the formulation of the migration policies of the EU. The UK yearns to display its strong determination to obtain an increased cooperation from the police and the judiciary in order to combat organized crime. In the area of judicial cooperation the government of the UK aspires to be in a leading position in order to bring about a Union - wide judicial scope. The UK with its potentially active law - enforcement institutions and a vibrant judiciary, will create a friendly atmosphere in international cooperation. This was

Social Contract Essay Example for Free

Social Contract Essay Discuss the view that morality is a social contract (30 marks) Jean-Jacques Rousseau said Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains and what he is trying to show is that a social contract is binding on the members of a society, everywhere he is bound to be moral. The sources and reasons for the upholding morality (that is what is right and what is wrong) has been questioned since the days of Plato and one answer was given by Thomas Hobbes a contractarian answer. A contractarian believes that human beings are self-interested and it would be rational for him to co-operate with others. Hobbes developed this view by making us aware of the (imagined) state of nature in Leviathan (1651) in which people were present before any form of social cohesion and organisation. Hobbes asserts that at this time, everyone would look out for their self-interest but this would involved a great deal of hostility and an inability to do things out of fear (a humans self-interest could be to steal from you and thus cause you fear). Life would be a torment; war of all against all is how Hobbes puts it. The solution to this is cooperating between people. The implication of this is that there is no morality independent of what people in any given society think. There are however problems with this namely historically there has never been any contract. If we looking historically, we have made agreements (be it the Fourth Geneva Convention or the Magna Carta) but there has never been a collective social moral contract. Humans appear to be innately social. Indeed, it is not even just humans ants appear to work in colonies. Further, a contract would only be understood by a social being. As a result of there being no contract (factually), it would seem to make the idea redundant for if I havent signed anything, why should I be obligated? Although we can object and say that Hobbes isnt saying that people sat around and signed a codified document rather what he is suggesting is that if we were to imagine the state of nature to be the case, it would justified for us to accept such a contract hence giving a justification for us to be moral (as well as the existence of societies). However, there seems to remain one problem. By saying that societies develop morality and that there is no morality independent of this, it leaves us with the problem of cultural relativism. For it would be right in a society to kill all the enemies if thats what society determines, in the case of the Nazis it would be the Jews, yet seldom do we find someone who would actually call this moral and not demand action be taken. We could however say that the contract applies universally and that we have not reached the signing. Yet this is not what the contract is saying, for even if we were to accept that rules applied universally is the contractarian approach really telling us about morality? No! Even if something benefits me that may not the reason why I do it and definitely not the reason it is moral. An absolutist would say that rules are moral in themselves, regardless of the time or society in which they agreed. Locke develops the idea that there need be no actual agreement by saying that it is a tactic agreement. This means that a person who seeks to reap the benefits of society implicitly agrees to social contract and if I dont then I am free to leave. However am I really free to leave? It would not seem so. To leave, I would most likely have to leave this would not only mean having a passport to go to a different country, which would have its own set of rules but meaning that to get to the airport I would have to abide by the road rules lest I wish to be arrested. Even if Hobbes is correct in saying that there is no actual contract, we are left with why should we honour the agreement? Indeed, if we are self-interested as Hobbes says then surely when the time came, we would act in a self-interest way? This view can be illustrated by Ian McEwans Enduring Love; there is a hot air balloon and in the basket lays a child there is a sudden gust and the balloon starts it flight. Five men grab onto the rope of the balloon, alas there is another gust and if all five men carry on holding on then the child will be saved. This did not happen. All but one, were left clinging on to the rope. Whats even more so apparent is that if I am sure that I will get away with doing something immoral, why shouldnt I do it? If I knew I wasnt going to be caught stealing money then it would be in my self-interest to steal it. Hobbes answer to the aforementioned question is a Sovereign. This means that there is someone to enforce the law (the terms of the contract). By doing this, it would show that when acting against the contract and giving primacy to self-interest, it would not be in our long term self-interest to do so. However this still doesnt answer the question as to why someone who knows they will not get caught should be moral. Indeed, there are many people who are criminals and it is only found out after they have died. Also, there seems to be a different argument put forward by David Gauthier who argues that to there is no need for a sovereign because those of us who have dispositions to altruism, will in the long term have more benefits than those who are shot-sightedly self-interested. This view is strong in the sense that it shows that human beings are genuinely altruistic with a purpose of doing so and thus not having an over pessimistic view of humans (thus the lesser need for a sovereign). There are further problems with the social contract approach. When a terrorist has a hostage, he can use the hostage to dictate the terms of an agreement. This means that despite this being unfair, or even immoral, he can ask for however million pounds and for him to be pardoned of his act. This is obviously immoral and wrong. This situation is analogous to the state of nature period and someone strong dictating the terms which are not moral such as making all children workers. Furthermore, we could take the view of Marx and Thrasymacus (from Platos Republic) who say that the social contract is a means of social control by the minority. This means that the powerful and rich peoples interests can be carried out under the veil of morality. An example is the respect for property which, by no coincidence, is what the ruling class have. This means that the weak can be exploited and the rulers can maintain their position. We can criticise Marx for not taking into account that people do not steal because they do not want to offend the ruling class but this is not what Marx is trying to say. Indeed, what he is saying is that this is the correct reason why people do not do such things and through instruments such as religion and education (throughout history) they have been taught these rules and regulations. However John Rawls argues in his Theory of Justice that to counter this, we must decide the terms under a veil of ignorance in which nobody is certain for their position and so everyone will be fighting for minority rights in case they are within that minority; nothing is assured! If we posit Hobbes view as truth then we also find ourselves holding a pessimistic view of life for we have ample opportunity to break the rules of the contract yet we do not. If we were to hold Hobbes view societies would long be over because we could no longer trust people because they would take such selfish actions. To say that people dont mug each other in fear of being caught is not plausible. Surely the actions of a mother or a carer in the slums seem to show that we do not act just for self-interest. Further, is Hobbes really giving an accurate account of morality? We can indeed have a contract but is the only reason we do not break it because we fear the courts? Surely this isnt morality but a preference of prudence in an action but this view does not correlate with what we express. If someone were to say Stealing is wrong, they do not mean that it is better if you dont because it is more sensible, they mean it is a morally irreprehensible action. Hobbes view is also put under fire by alternative views, Richard Dawkins argues that altruistic behaviour can lead to evolutionary success and is thus embedded in our genes. There was never a conventional agreement rather because it is mutually advantage behaviour helps our evolutionary success, humans do it. So it is not because it is mutually advantageous that we choose to do it but we do it because it is advantageous and has helped us reach this stage. This, of course, is not the only alternative view others view moral as what the Bible says or even the Quran. We could even take the utilitarian approach and say that what is moral is the thing that obtains the greatest number of peoples happiness. To take this view is, as said, to ignore every instance of altruism. However what about blatant acts of altruism? The egoist could say that subconsciously we gain self-gratification from doing right things. However, again, it does not follow that I am doing these things because I want self-gratification. In the case of Mother Teresa, it is not plausible that she only did those things because she wanted self-satisfaction. As the egoist claims that everything is in some way selfish, it negate the idea of selfish and selfless as it distorts the distinction and leaves nothing but motives which is not a direct accurate description of the world. Thus to conclude, to hold the view that morality is defined, described and prescribed by a social contract ultimately fails. Alternative ideas not only, in some cases, have scientific backing but also have a more accurate representation of the real world. The view is both pessimistic and would lead to the powerful being on top and the weak being exploited. Thus we must conclude as Hume did and say that there is not historically validity (among other things) to this claim.

Transformational leadership style of influence

Transformational leadership style of influence ABSTRACT This piece of work will critically evaluate the approaches of transformational leadership, which enhance employee well being. It will delve into the meaning of transformational leadership and the necessary leadership approach or style that can influence employee well- being positively at work, and areas of employee well- being the leadership approach will improve. Also the overall implication that employee well-being has on performance and why it should be a core value in any organisation will be analyzed. INTRODUCTION One of the current approaches to leadership that has been the focus of much research is the transformational approach. Transformational leadership is part of the new leadership paradigm, which gives more attention to the charismatic and effective elements of leadership. The transformational leadership involves an exceptional style of influence that makes employees to perform beyond expectation. And its approach usually incorporates the charismatic and visionary leadership.(Mullins 2007). The leadership approach is the best suitable for campaigning a strategic vision of change or a new work routines. It facilitates feedbacks learning because the leadership is an effective communicator, who can inspire commitment in the employees towards realisation of the firms vision. The employees under this leadership feels secured, a sense of trust is established and feels valued, respected and important hence they are ready to be committed to the organisations goal. The leadership motivates employees to overcome resistance to change since they trust the leadership; all fears of uncertainty are easily eroded. It is obvious that the leadership of where an employee served will go along a way to give value, emotionally to the employee or the reverse maybe the case. The leadership on focus here is one which will affect employee emotions positively and build trust within the relationship because, It is a leadership that value the employee and is mostly concerned in ensuring that the employee succeed in the task or organisation goal set. All businesses seek to be in a good state of well-being, since employee in a perfect emotional, psychological, intellectual and mental state of well-being will successfully perform at a high level and the company will remain efficient and profitable. We will consider some factors or approaches of the transformational leadership that gave it achievement in improving employee well-being. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP In recent years increasing business competitiveness and the need for the most effective use of human resources has resulted in writers on management focusing attention on how leaders revitalise or transform organisations (Laurie Mullins 2007). The transformational leadership uses strategic influences and techniques that empower employees and enhance their self-efficacy and change their values, norms and attitudes, consistent with the vision developed by the leadership which will positively enhance psychological well-being. On the other hand transactional leadership influences employees with the use of power, sanctions, rewards and formal authority to induce followers compliance behaviour (Bass 1985; CongerKanungo 1998) According to (Burns 1978) transformational leadership was defined as a process where leadership (employers) and followers (employees)engage in a mutual process of raising one another to higher levels of morality and motivation. Burns M. J was the first to bring about the concept of transformational leadership to prominence in his extensive research into leadership theories. Effective transformational leaders are those who inspires and According to Whitehead (Mullins,L. 2007) â€Å"the big word now associated with leadership is vision. The ability to see the bigger picture, to take the long-term view. What the ultimate objectives of the organisation are and how people can work together to achieve them..perhaps the most important attribute is that a good leadership inspires people by creating a climate where it is OK for people to make mistakes and learn from them, rather than what happened in the past which was to blame and punish them. Leading from this position, they gain higher level of commitment from their people than mere compliance†. As its name implies transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms individuals. It is concerned with trust, emotions, values, standards and long term goals and includes assessing followers motives, satisfying their needs and treating them as full human beings. EMPLOYEE WELLBEING There has been many definitions of employee well-being by scholars and related professional bodies. The Chartered Institute of personnel development has defined well-being at work to be â€Å"creating an environment to promote a state of contentment which allows an employee to flourish and achieve at their full potential for the benefit of themselves and their organisation†. (CIPD 2006). The well-being in focus is more than that of physical health of avoiding falling ill or sick. This is as to do with achievement of personal well being that revolves round a number of positive decisions regarding life style, which is different from stress avoidance and not being able to cope. It represents a wider bio-pyscho-social spectrum that includes physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being. It is an initiative to help employee be more proactive at work in order to attain their full potentials-intellectually, mentally and psychologically. Well-being requires the organisation to actively enhance employees to maximise their psychological , intellectual and emotional state of health. The necessary leadership approaches are also of advantage to people at all level both inside and outside the working environment. It modifies the working environment to be highly productive, attractive and corporately responsible place to work. One being an employee will enthusiastically long to always be at work since its an environment that improves one state of mind for productivity, instead of the strictly transactional approach. Every employee prefers that leadership that cares and is ready to help develop you than the type that publicly criticise your flaws. According to Felce and Perry (1995), well-being;â€Å"comprises objective descriptors and subjective evaluations of physical, material, social and emotional well-being together with the extent of personal development and purposeful activity, all weighted by a personal set of values.† This is important because the definition extends the meaning of well-being to a range of different dimensions beyond the conventional health issues which can be stretched further to workplace. Employee wellbeing is an important factor in determining an organisations long term profitability. Many studies show a direct relation between productivity levels and the employee well-being. A happy and healthy employee will be of benefits to the employer since performance will be good, reduction in absenteeism and organisation can achieve the set goals or target. However employer does not necessarily have to focus only on the physical health conditions but more on the mental, psychological and emotional health conditions of employees.(CIPD 2006). To be organisationally effective, employee well-being needs to be part of a regular business dialogue and to be deeply embedded into an organisational leadership culture. And the leadership that has embedded employee well-being in its culture, style and approach is the transformational leadership. Organisational wellbeing involves many things but the most important of it is employees having meaningful and challenging work and having the opportunity to apply their skills and knowledge in effective working relationships (CIPD 2006). TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP APPROACH ENHANCING EMPLOYEE WELLBEING. Researchers have critically measured the approaches of transformational leadership through different ways, by interviews, questionnaires with employees in various organisations and it has been observed from the findings that the leadership has employ the following instruments in enhancing employee well-being at work. According to (Bass1998),the transformational leadership motivates employees/followers to do more than is originally expected and the extent of this transformation is measured by the effectiveness on employees performance. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE The ability to perceive, observe, and manage employee emotions will enhance a foundation for social, emotional, and intellectual competencies of well-being, which is necessary for high performance on the job. It is ability that transformational leadership can use to improve productivity and psychological well-being in employees. This could be described as a type of social intelligence that involves a sensitive approach of monitoring and observing employees feelings and emotions, in order to use the observation to assist the employees thinking (mental) and action; that is working pattern for good job performance (Salovey Meyer 1990). According to (Fleishman Harris 1962) leadership with the ability to establish mutual trust, respect and good relationship among employees will achieve great productivity. TRUST Every relationship requires trust to survive, if the employees can trust the leadership under which they work, employees will turn out to be proactive on the job and winning the hearts of employees to any new change, lies in the ability of the leadership to influence which will be easier when there exist trust between the two parties. This is an approach a transformational leadership possessed that allays all fears and any form of suspicion from the employees towards their leadership. Building a good relationship like that of a transformational leadership is what makes it easy for trust to and loyalty to grow and employees embrace any new policy set by management and work without any form of threats or unknown anticipated fear. This invariably gives an employee a stable emotional state of mind to perform better. CHARISMATIC APPROACH Transformational leadership behave in ways that allowed them to serve as role models for employees. (Bass,1985) . The leadership is admired, respected, and trusted. Employees are proud to identify with the leadership and desire to imitate them. The leadership is viewed to be possessing extraordinary abilities, persistence and determination. This style is often a natural behaviour of transformational leadership, whose idealised influence emphasizes on having a collective vision by reassuring employees of the fact that , obstacles can be overcame. This leadership can be trusted to do the right thing and to demonstrate high standards of ethical and moral conduct. Invariably employees have confidence in their leadership. INSPIRATIONAL/ MOTIVATIONAL Transformational leadership behaves in a manner that motivate, inspire and encourage the people working with them by providing meaning and challenge to the employees work. This leadership gets work going by being enthusiastic and optimistic and get employees involved in envisioning attractive future states, by creating clearly communicated expectations that employee needs to meet and also show commitment to goals and shared visions.(Bass. B and Riggio E. 2006). According to (Mullins 2007) its been observed by researchers that, for the past30 years there has been increasing amounts of data to suggest that leadership has a lot more to do with inspiration and visions than with straight forward technical competence. INDIVIDUALISED CONSIDERATION This is a leadership approach that listens, and value an employee, in order to give them a sense of belonging in that the employee feels like an integral part of the organisation (Boorstin 2004) from Bernard Bass . Transformational leadership is leadership felt throughout the organisation. It is obvious that employees perform better when they are respected and valued by the leadership. Obviously this leadership style or approach goes a long way to enhance the psychological well being of employees positively and result to greater excellent performance. Every individual loves to be given consideration, which gives them sense of value, and when given a fair hearing puts the employee in a good shape of mind psychologically and emotionally to obtain an excellent performance on the job. A two- way communication is encouraged where management is near to the employee, (the leadership remembers previous discussions, is aware of individual concerns and sees the individual as a whole person rather than just an employee), Bass Riggio. This type of leadership listens effectively and gives special concern to the emotional developmental needs of their employees. INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION Transformational leadership work on the intellectual strength of the employees by encouraging them to be creative and innovative. Soliciting new approaches for the performance of work and attending to task creatively are encouraged by the leadership. The leadership stimulate employees to view problems as challenge and not as obstacle. This leadership does not openly criticise or embarrass individual employees errors or shortfalls. Employees are encouraged to proactively come up with new ideas to solving problems and are not castigated in anyway, simply because their own ideas may differ from the management ideas. Undoubtedly speaking this approach goes along a way in positively stimulating, energising and productively improving the intellectual wellbeing of any employee. When the mind is at its peak or highest level of productivity, the performance will be unspeakably incredibly excellent and organisations image and reputation is improved, services also will be good and more patronage from customers, leading to more profit. However for the employee an environment where one can be productive enhances intellectual growth and a stable and balance mental well being is achieved. This approach mentally empowers an employee to be self dependent, self reliable, accountable and general self development to becoming an expertise is obtained. COACHING This is an essential style of transformational leadership, one leadership beyond the traditional supervisor or manager that tells someone what to do instead showing them how to do it. Coaching by extension is mentoring someone, influencing people by providing new knowledge and skills required for the task. Work activities dont put smile on peoples face, what brings the smile is leadership that mentored, taught and coached employees to be better persons. Transformational leadership pays special attention to each individual employees needs for achievement and self development by acting as a coach or mentor. Employee individual differences in terms of needs and desires are recognised and are therefore developed to successively higher levels of potential. This approach is more realisable in a supportive environment with new learning opportunities. Bass describes this approach further as a type where the leadership behaviour demonstrates good understanding of individual differences for in stance in a situation where the leadership give some employees more encouragement, some are more empowered, some more firm standards, and others possible more task structure. The leadership coach by task delegation and proper monitoring of it to develop the employee and give direction and assistance where necessary and assess the progress without employee feeling being overly controlled rather appreciate the leadership style of taking time to coach and mentor. EFFECTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING TO HIGH PERFORMANCE. Transformational leadership in its leadership style has effectively built trust between employees and management and this usually lead to a smooth and pleasant working relationship that does not give room to suspicion in case of any change in policy or organisational change. Employees trust the leadership and they in turn are committed and loyal to the organisation. The employee is in a perfect emotional state of mind, since there is no fear of unknown or any need to panic. However, the trust sometimes could lead to exploitation since leadership knows that employees so rely on every of their judgement this but its been argued that the integrity of the transformational is to ensure the individual development of the employees. This leadership cares and is concerned about the employees and also inputs the companys value in the minds of employee and constantly reminds them of the vision and goal to the realisation of a high performance. The leadership that gives attention to individual consideration is able to identify each individual strength and weakness and of course will be able to train and develop them without compares but handle them based on each persons capacity (the leadership give some employees more encouragement, some are more empowered, some more firm standards, and others possible more task structure according to their capability and needs). This leadership style improves the employee well-being psychologically since the employee is treated uniquely and not measured by the others standard or ability, it gives an employee sense of acceptance and is uniquely assessed and assisted where necessary. Employee is psychologically, emotionally and intellectually motivated to perform without fear of others is better, here employees are treated as ends and not just means.(Bass and Steidlmeier 1999). The more capable that leadership is able to recognise the personal interests and concerns of individual employee, the very likely leadership will be able to create a team where employee well-being is an integral part of getting the job done.(CIPD 2006 Journal). In a scenario where an employee under performs an emotional intelligent leadership like the transformational leadership is quick to observe that something could be wrong instead of criticising ,that leadership initiate a good relationship by communicating with the employee to know what the problem is. By so doing the employee is mentally, socially and psychologically restored, and of course performance will improve, resulting to organisational profitability. Thus, it is of necessity to reiterate that the well-being of employee goes a great way in affecting performance and in turn the organisations as a whole. The effect of intellectual stimulation on employee well-being cannot be overly emphasized. Employee is allowed to think independently, given room to be creative and allowed to do things in their own unique way which improves employee mental state of well-being. Generally speaking when there are strong relationships like that of a transformational leadership, between employees and line managers to the top managers and management as a whole, levels of well-being are enhanced. The level of performance will also be immeasurably excellent and the organisational goal is realised. One major effect of transformational leadership style is that it perfectly erodes power distance via the leadership style of delegation which gives employee a measure of autonomy to take decisions on the task delegated to be implemented. The leadership style encourages low power distance and create room for accountability and in over all gives opportunity for employees to be self efficient and of course an avenue to learn. Employees are to an extent empowered under this leadership and of course will feel valued and important, this feeling improve employees intellectual and psychological state, a feeling of empowerment and importance is essential for a positive psychological well-being. The leadership foster team work allowing every employee to participate and enhancing good relationship to the realisation of self efficacy and high performance. CONCLUSION The leadership approach has a great effect on employee well-being, because how one is been treated goes a long way in affecting the individual thinking and hence the behaviour. In order words, it is argued that transformational leadership should be a core value for organisations that will embed employee well-being in its culture and style of leadership.(Bass 1998). RECOMMENDATION I strongly recommend the transformational leadership style to be a core value to organisations in the embedding of employee well-being, based on my findings that it is the type of leadership that motivate, inspire, stimulate, and mentor employee to a mental, emotional balance and good psychological state of well-being, which will ultimately lead to a high excellent performance of employee productivity and to the organisations profitability advantage. I perfectly support the transformational leadership style in the embedding of employee well-being and recommend it to the Nigerian banking industry as particularly. However, my judgement is also based on my personal experience with my manager who has no single traits of transformational leadership in her approach, my manager was the type that does not have any relationship with the team, i was in the marketing team in the bank at that time, she does not listen to individual needs or concern, she announces and criticise the team errors, even individual weak point and it was always a sad moment at work because of her attitude, she was seen has a bully. When I changed job and joined stanbic bank, it was a different ball game altogether because the stanbic leadership style was very different, since the transformational leadership approach was a core value being an international bank. The transformational leadership style positively affected my intellectual, psychological, and emotional well-being, to the fact that i performed better and even got promoted. I will at anytime vote and argue in support of this leadership style because have been through it has an employee and i know how a good leadership can enhance employee well-being.

European Fascism Essay examples -- European Fascist Regimes

Fascism is both an outgrowth of and a reaction against nineteenth-century liberalism. Nineteenth-century liberals argued for laissez-faire economics, the equality of men (and it was, explicitly, men), and the universality of human progress and human reason. Underlying all of these ideals was the sanctity of the individual. By the 1920s, though, these liberal ideals were challenged (Paxton 36-41). Laissez-faire economics led to dingy, heartless industrial towns; anthropological research called into question the equality of all people; economic crises threatened to drop the newly emerging middle-class into the proletariat, arguing against progress; and the mass annihilation of human life in the Great War eroded belief in rationality. Fascist regimes developed in response to the crumbling world view of the West. Fascists offered a â€Å"national revival in which racial purity, mass fervor and authoritarian rule somehow reinforced one another† (Paxton 218). By defining the nation in opposition to other races, fascists promoted a sense of inclusiveness and security. The idealization of the nation as an organic being promoted jingoistic fervor and a sense of worth. Finally, the authoritarian figure (always a man) was reminiscent of older, and therefore more secure, forms of rule—the father figure or the monarch. Fascists offered remedies to what many saw as the disease that was modern culture. These fascist themes—racial purity, mass fervor, and authoritarian rule—are held together by one common principle: the degradation of the individual and concomitant exaltation of the group. This principle is a reaction against liberal ideas that lionize the individual. The mechanism by which fascists degraded the indiv... ...f fascism, can we afford it? These five authors answer a resounding no. Works Cited Blackstone, Bernard. Virginia Woolf: A Commentary. London: Hogarth, 1949. Camus, Albert. The Plague. Trans. Stuart Gilbert. New York: Vintage International, 1991. Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor Adorno. â€Å"The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception,† in Dialectics of Enlightenment. New York: Seabury Press, 1972: 120-167. Leser, Esther H. Thomas Mann’s Short Fiction. Cranbury: Associated University Press, 1989. Mann, Thomas. Mario and the Magician. Trans. H. L. Lowe Porter. New York: Knopf, 1931. Parker, Emmet. Albert Camus: The Artist in the Arena. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966. Paxton, Robert O. Europe in the Twentieth Century. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas. London: Hogarth, 1977.

Student Calculator Use The Need For Limitations Education Essay

Math is an built-in portion of life. Worlds can non travel through life without utilizing math in some form or signifier, whether it is numbering money to pay the dinner measure, adding up the sum of money collected in a fundraiser or ciphering beforehand equations as a atomic applied scientist. Calculators have besides become an built-in portion of life. Calculator usage in schools has been a footing for argument for about 40 old ages. Calculators can profit or function as crutches for society. They prove good in rushing up computations when paying measures and taking trials. However, they can besides be a hinderance. Peoples frequently become so dependent on reckoners that they begin to lose the ability to execute simple mathematical equations such as 15 times three peers 45. Students are affected by reckoner usage to a higher grade than anyone else because they are in categories where they are required to cipher, job solve, and analyze every twenty-four hours. Calculators can be h elpful ; nevertheless, the usage of reckoners, by pupils in all classs, should be limited. Overexploitation of reckoners frequently leads to student loss of assurance in mathematical accomplishments and abilities, a misinterpretation of the function and map of the reckoner, and overdependence on reckoners as tools merely. Many pupils and grownups, including instructors, believe extended usage of reckoners should be a demand in mathematics categories. Several provinces, including North Carolina, now require the usage of charting reckoners in the course of study and on province trials while others allow, but do non necessitate reckoner usage. Dion et Al. showed that over â€Å" aˆÂ ¦95 % of schools surveyed allowed or needed reckoners in their Algebra I classes, 98 % allowed or needed reckoners in their Geometry categories, 99 % allowed or needed reckoners in Algebra II and 99.9 % allowed or needed reckoners in their Pre-Calculus/Trigonometry categories † ( 429 ) . Many instructors allow pupils to hold unlimited usage of reckoners in their schoolrooms and believe that pupil reckoner usage makes larning mathematics more interesting to pupils ( Brown et al. 106 ) . These facts reflect the positions of many sing the demand for consistent reckoner usage in the schoolroom, nevertheless, the argum ent furies on. Even though many pupils, instructors and parents argue that there should be reckoner usage in the schoolroom, they agree that usage should be limited to some extent. What they do non cognize, is where to pull the line. The changeless usage of reckoners present many possible jobs in larning experiences, including but non limited to dependence, overexploitation, and the procedure of forcing buttons instead than executing mathematical calculations. Most pedagogues concede that reckoner usage should be accompanied by direction, mold and pattern. As a hereafter mathematics instructor, I consider reckoners to be effectual when introduced and implemented decently in the schoolroom. A combination of direction with reckoner usage promotes more effectual and efficient applications of mathematical schemes and processs by pupils. Ineke Imbo et Al. researched different math jobs and persons to see how elements like job size, operations, gender, pattern, accomplishment, and reckoner usage influence simple arithmetic public presentation. It was found that â€Å" procedural schemes were performed faster when job size was smaller, arithmetic accomplishment was higher, and reckoner usage was less frequent ( Imbo et al. 458 ) . This substantiates the demand for restricting the usage of reckoners by pupils. Subjects in the research of Imbo et Al. were studied in footings of choosing and put to deathing retrieval ( what is known ) and procedural ( the procedure of working jobs out ) schemes on an arithmetic accomplishments undertaking, trial, and questionnaire. â€Å" Students who used reckoners often showed low retrieval and procedural efficiency degree but did non differ in scheme choices ( Imbo et al. 459 ) . The consequences showed that pupils frequently selected good schemes for job resolution but the pick of s cheme did non ever produce effectual or efficient processs or procedures for work outing jobs, and the figure of processs identified in making math is limited by reckoner usage. Imbo et Al. related frequent reckoner usage to hapless arithmetic public presentation for both immature kids and grownups in this research ( 460 ) . This hapless arithmetic public presentation, enhanced by frequent reckoner usage, frequently prefaces mathematically related assurance issues in pupils. Many pupils struggle with math and develop a disfavor for it because they lack assurance in their mathematical accomplishments. Unlimited usage of reckoners often helps construct a feeling of insufficiency or give pupils a false sense of assurance ( Porchea 118 ) . Calculators are non meant to, and can non, work out all math jobs in schoolrooms despite the fact that many people think so. Dion et Al. reported in her surveies that â€Å" few points on the instructors ‘ tests really required reckoners to work out † the jobs ( 433 ) . Since trials do non reflect the demand for reckoner usage, it is degrading to presume pupils need reckoners in order to execute mathematical operations. This degradation of ability lessens the assurance degrees of pupils in mathematical operations. Lack of assurance mathematically is compounded by assurance issues in executing computations with reckoners. Research besides shows that pupils are frequently uncomfortable utilizing reckoners. Berry and Graham analyzed pupils ‘ key strokes on reckoners as they took trials ( 143 ) . They found that pupils did non â€Å" create strategies or ways of working that incorporated the reckoner † ( Berry and Graham 143 ) . Even though there were jobs on the trials that required certain types of computations within the ability of the reckoner, cardinal shot analysis showed â€Å" virtually no grounds of these being done on the artworks reckoners † ( Berry and Graham 143 ) . When pupils were interviewed and asked about this they replied that â€Å" while they knew how to utilize the reckoner to transport out statistical trials, they did non experience wholly confident in making this † ( Berry and Graham 143 ) . Berry and Graham ‘s research discloses that pupils who lack reckoner cognition, abilities and assurance lack the same in respects to math. This has many deduct ions for instructors. Porchea ‘s survey indicated that instructors spent an copiousness of clip reassuring pupils on their usage of reckoners and supplying elaborate account refering pupils ‘ completed undertakings on the reckoner ( 50 ) . Quesada studied seven hundred and 70 pupils in college pre-calculus categories ( 206 ) . The control group survey required the usage of scientific reckoners and a regular math book. The experimental group used one type of charting reckoner and a text edition designed for charting reckoners. The experimental group scored higher on the concluding test than the control group. Consequences of the survey argued that the usage of the graphing reckoner and designed text edition facilitated apprehension, provided ability to look into replies, and saved clip. However, the pupils that used charting reckoners performed somewhat worse in the category than in old math categories ( Quesada 212 ) . Students voiced that they were concerned that while there were advantages t o graphic reckoner usage, they did non experience prepared for the following degree math class and sensed they were excessively dependent on the usage of reckoners in category. This demonstrates pupils ‘ deficiency of assurance in reckoner applications and their abilities to calculate mathematical jobs, even when having direction on reckoner usage and integrating of reckoner accomplishments in categories. Students must larn to utilize reckoners to the fullest extent to profit from the engineering. The Theory of Instrumentation, introduced by Berry and Graham, discusses reckoners as tools or instruments ( 141 ) . If, when utilizing a reckoner, pupils incorporate techniques to work out jobs the reckoner becomes a tool utilised to finish a undertaking. When a â€Å" strategy † or program is constructed by pupils while utilizing the reckoner, it evolves into an instrument ( Berry and Graham 1044 ) . The difference between pupils utilizing a reckoner as an instrument or tool shows whether they understand the capablenesss of the reckoner. They use this cognition to program and strategize a solution to a job ( instrument usage ) or they may be calculator smart and know all of the right buttons to force to acquire an reply ( usage as a tool ) . When pupils are utilizing the reckoner as an instrument they are making a solution to a job. Students frequently view calculator actions to be wholly separate from mathematical calculation and job resolution. Most pupils use reckoners as tools. Teachers should anticipate and demand reckoner usage as an instrument in their schoolrooms. When reckoners are used as instruments, pupils demonstrate cognition of how the reckoner works and what it can make. Berry and Graham studied 12 pupils as they worked on a set of two undertakings and found, through their key strokes, â€Å" that the pupils were excessively reliant on the reckoner without cognizing many of the anomalousnesss it may bring on † ( 146 ) . No strategy or program was evidenced by their key strokes, because the pupils did non make ways of working that incorporated the usage of the reckoner as an instrument ( Berry and Graham 142 ) . Students utilized the reckoner as a tool to happen an reply, non as an instrument to invent a program to work out a job. In Berry and Graham ‘s surveies, usage of the reckoners as tools impacted the pupils, but unluckily pupil cognition and understanding ne'er impacted how the reckoners were used ( 142 ) . Datas from McCulloch provides grounds that many pupils perceive the graphing reckoner to be a â€Å" tool that is of import because of its ability to decrease the thought involved in work outing a job † ( 43 ) , and they besides consider reckoners to be efficient tools in work outing jobs rapidly ( McCulloch 87 ) . The usage of a reckoner offers pupils a assortment of powerful new acquisition and job resolution schemes, but as a tool, it diminishes the demand for the pupil to get a high grade of accomplishment in symbol use ( Katsberg and Leatham 29 ) . Students must be knowing about reckoners to utilize them as instruments to happen ways to work out mathematical jobs. Whether reckoners are used by pupils as tools or instruments, they are merely every bit smart as their users and can merely execute operations when manipulated to make so. Therefore, pupils must understand the function and maps of the reckoners to utilize them efficaciously and expeditiously. The deficiency of cognition about the maps and problem-solving techniques of reckoners frequently consequences in pupil abuse and mistakes. While pupils know the basic procedures of reckoners, they are non cognizant of the particular maps, keys, and characteristics reckoners have, or the function of these in the usage of the reckoner to work out jobs. Students rarely go beyond the functionality of the reckoner to research the potency or restraints of the engineering. Berry and Graham revealed that pupils in their instance surveies were incognizant of many of the characteristics of the reckoners even though they had entree to and used reckoners every twenty-four hours in category. The pupils besi des made errors that would non hold been made without the usage of a reckoner. The advanced operations of reckoners, such as screen size and trigonometric maps, were ne'er explored by the topics in the surveies of Katsberg and Leathman ( 27 ) . For illustration, the pupils were required to chart a map and because they did non cognize to alter the screen size of the reckoner they graphed the incorrect map as their reply. They knew what the map should look like but because the reckoner showed them otherwise, they assumed the reckoner was right. If they had a on the job cognition of the maps of the reckoner, the pupils would hold known to alter the screen size. If they would hold graphed the map by manus, they would hold realized their error. In Katsberg and Leathman ‘s research, charting reckoners were found to be used predominately to look into algebraic solutions, find solutions diagrammatically, and to chart maps. When pupils understand the function and maps of reckoners, the y are comfy utilizing scheme and applications to work out mathematical jobs. Katsberg and Leatham ‘s research besides indicates that pupils become baffled and overwhelmed as they attempt to incorporate their cognition of mathematics with their developing apprehension and usage of a reckoner ( 28 ) . Brown et al. indicated through their research that instructors of high mathematics classs worry that reckoner usage by pupils may be a manner of acquiring replies without understanding mathematical procedures ( 102 ) . The bulk of the clip pupils do non utilize old cognition to work out jobs utilizing the reckoner. â€Å" When utilizing a in writing reckoner the pupils seemed to hold forgotten what they learned when they foremost started out plotting graphs † ( Berry and Graham 146 ) . There is a broad graduated table difference in the ability to work out a job utilizing a reckoner and the application of cognition and accomplishment to work out mathematical jobs through critical thought and reckoner applications. Berry and Graham found, through the keystroke research, that pupils frequently adopted a button pressing experimental scheme to work out jobs alternatively of understanding the procedure ( 147 ) . Dion et Al. reinforced this by reasoning that â€Å" The debut of reckoners into the course of study needfully invites pupils to larn keystroke instead than constructs † ( 433 ) . It is of import to separate between reckoner proficiency and the mathematical ability of pupils. The demand for pupils to regularly write down their work and reflect, instead than merely acquire the reply to a job, stems from this deficiency of pupil understanding in what a reckoner can make and how it is used. Quesada et Al. observed that pupils tend to automatically get down to seek to diagrammatically work out jobs alternatively of work outing them algebraically when reckoner usage is allowed in categories ( 213 ) . Students who were interviewed in McCulloch ‘s instance surveies indicated that â₠¬Å" reckoner usage is a security cyberspace sort of thing † supplying a opportunity to plug- in Numberss to happen replies when needed ( 2 ) . What follows is a false sense of security sing mathematical abilities and accomplishments. Calculator usage does non guarantee that a pupil is mathematically adept merely like the ability to make math does non bespeak strength in reckoner accomplishments My experience traveling through school supports my statement that reckoner usage in schools should be limited. Throughout my in-between school old ages we were allowed to utilize a TI-15 trade name reckoner. Slightly more advanced than a scientific reckoner, it allows for calculating and simplifying fractions and utilizing per centum marks. We seldom used them in category or on prep assignments. Due to the limited usage of the reckoners in in-between school, my Algebra I category during my first-year twelvemonth of high school was a zephyr. However, as a ten percent class high school pupil, TI-83 reckoners were required. TI-83 ‘s, available in every schoolroom, were used every twenty-four hours from that point frontward in my high school calling. Access to a reckoner at all times, fostered a dependance on utilizing it for a good sum of the work I did. When I arrived at North Carolina State University I was shocked that I was non allowed to utilize a reckoner in my math categori es. During my Calculus I category last semester, reckoner usage was non allowed in category at all, for any ground. Limited reckoner usage has continued this semester in my Calculus II category. I frequently find myself holding to re-study certain facets of mathematics because I became so dependent on my reckoner in high school. It was, and is non, an easy thing to make. College math professors move through stuff rapidly and supply small review clip in category. More research should be done to accurately show how reckoner usage in schools is impacting pupils, separately and as a whole, from the clip of passage from in-between school to high school and through graduation from high school. Calculator usage should be limited due to the many jobs pupils face when utilizing them. Even with the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction ‘s authorization of reckoner usage in the schoolrooms, limited usage could be easy implemented. Teachers could delegate reckoner inactive prep and force pupils to demo all of their work. Another option would be to do assigned trials calculator inactive but allow clip for pupils to utilize the reckoner to look into their work one time they have finished the trial. Students might besides be required to demo all of their work on trials and quizzes with the reckoner available to them for usage. Restrictions could be set on reckoner usage by non leting the reckoners when pupils are larning new stuff. Checking work with the reckoner after quizzes, where reckoner usage is prohibited, might supply a great teaching minute as pupils begin to larn how they can look into their work or execute these undertakings accurately on the reckoner whi le reflecting on the completed work. The usage of a reckoner can do negative effects, but is non normally harmful until pupils become dependent and think they can non carry through mathematical undertakings and trials without them. If instructors do non necessitate pupils to demo their work on a regular basis, so they can non claim command of accomplishments in mathematics. Besides, instructors can non anticipate their pupils to claim command of mathematical accomplishments. With the restrictions above, or if instructors design their ain originative restrictions, the pupils ‘ mathematical ability will be even greater than what it is presently. It can non ache to restrict the usage of reckoners ; it will merely assist better college-bound pupils ‘ accomplishments as they enter college. It will besides increase the cognition and mathematical accomplishments and abilities of those who are graduating and traveling into the military or work force. This would break advance the ends of high schools, to fix and educ ate skilled, globally cognizant, and â€Å" future ready † pupils for tomorrow. Calculator usage in schools should be limited to better guarantee that pupils possess command of accomplishments without dependance on beginnings other than themselves in readying for the present and future.