Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study - Assignment ExampleAccording to stock market analyst, P&G will boost Tambrands infrastructure to capture the wider market in developing countries. It would construct been very backbreaking for Tambrands to launch a worldwide market program without merging with P&G. The deal signed benefited twain parties P&G was put back in the stop up business while Tambrands was now marketing its products on an international platform (Yomiko Ono,1997).This deal meant a new dawn for the Tambrands Company. P&G had bring forth a global marketing infrastructure and better distribution capabilities that brought worldwide growth of Tampax tampon up to speed to meet the out bursting market in developing countries.The goal put in stake by Tambrands of its universal marketing strategy was to market to each cluster in a uniform way. This was because while scheduling for growth and development into a global market, Tambrands categorized the world into three clusters, in accordance with how resistant women are using tampons and not in accordance with their locations.In the first cluster, legal age of women already use tampons and possibly feel they know all they need to know about the product. In the second cluster 2, approximately half of the women population in this category use tampons. There have been concerns regarding the loss of virginity when using tampons and they are often viewed as peculiar products that block the menstrual flow. In the troika cluster, which is the most puzzling, there is the virginity issue and the order subject where Tambrands must articulate how to use a tampon without making them feel uncomfortable.Tambrands objective for its universal marketing plan was to advertise to each cluster in a similar way. This is because by categorizing based on resistance as a flip-flop for location, Tambrands is also trying to create a more consistent brand for its Tampax tampons. The advertising

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Case Study ExampleOne such penetration was the historic September 11 attacks, which led to formation of 9/11 Commission. One of the commissions recommendations was that the government of the US is not positioned to meet all its own obligations towards the Americans in prevention of terrorists entry with out(a) collaborating with other governments. In this, the US was alleged(a) to exchange information on terrorism with other trusted allies as well as raise the American and global standards of border security for border crossing and travel via extensive outside(a) cooperation (Howard, 2006, p. 459). This recommendation forms the basis of this papers case study. The paper wishes to assess the progress of this recommendation for DHSs view.September 11 attacks marked a great change in the world. This day cannot be considered as a mere media hype as many historians are referring to this date as the real dispirit of the 21st century. It is a bit early to establish whether such assessmen t will bear out though it cannot be dismissed in simple terms. In fact, 11 September attacks ended the stamp that the US could float above all the other nations across the globe and thus have collective their contribution in the war against crime (Belasco, 2011, p. 1). US cannot foster the false impression that what takes place in the other parts of the world affects them in no way. Thus, it is more important than ever before for nations to find out the kind of world they are living in as well as what the US has and/or is doing to make the world what it is (Rollins, 2010, p. 21).Collaboration has been a big lesson in combating terrorism and remarkable achievements have been noted. more nations are getting out to the others as well as asking the Homeland Security, emergency concern and law enforcement, health department etc. to ensure more cohesion on what appears as crude threats irrespective of the nation under such threat (Laurent,

A business letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A business letter - Essay Examplecation system with various aspects in it, such as conjunction health Mediator, Emergency Epidemic health Awareness Program Associate, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Management, Health trade experts for various Government and Medical-Surgical Agencies along with others. Additionall(a)y, I came to know about those various aspects of health communication specializer from the professors of Boston Medical Center Health Net Plan that has considerably supported me in locate to attain comprehensive understandings related to health communication.This short tour of Boston Medical Center Health Net Plan has provided me some insights related to the work of health communicator specialist that I eventually take on for my research documents.I especially appreciate the great time with Boston Medical Center Health Net Plan as well as the efforts from the professors. The professors spent a lot of time with me to collection all the aspects of health communicatio n as a subject, as a career along with its prox prospects and the other facilities and attributes of this subject. Their valuable comments and advice were most influential and helpful to me. I would also like to thank them all for supporting me in selecting appropriate career plan via selecting such a promising career mode like health communicator and assist to select a proper institution for learning the subject of health

Post War Era, 1946-1954 - Written Assignment Essay

Post War Era, 1946-1954 - Written Assignment - Essay Exampleype, represents a fusion of jazz, blues, and boogie-woogie in a swinging upbeat designed to offer some comic relief in substance and rhythm, meaningfully and emphatically conveyed through percussions.Hoochie Coochie Man, on the contrary, features a more relaxed tempo and appears to have oftentimes inclination to romantic subjects with some degree of sophistication. In his performance, Muddy Waters was able to deliver a content peculiar with the black culture during post-war era. The need to tone down and experience soothing renewing readily builds within the atmosphere and though the jazz level of the song leans towards neoclassicism, it is still one that could do justice to an unpopular struggle of uniqueness in which notes and succession remain unpredictable though trickily crafted to encourage slow yet sensational moves in response. As rendered through percussive selection, the music in Hoochie Coochie Man had been arr anged to appropriately coincide with the overall composition such that it forms a trend in classic blues that was later to influence the modern rhythm and blues with flexible style and confidence.Choo Choo Ch boogie-woogie seeks compatibility with those whose mood is up for raving and dancing in quick-paced steps and boogie fashion. An audience under joggle and roll framework would most likely acquire fondness to blend with it, having a nature standardised to the original preference. While Choo Choo Ch Boogie would normally target to have frolicking listeners, Hoochie Coochie Man is equivalently expected to play in front of a somewhat nostalgic or maudlin crowd hoping to be mildly ruttish as thoughts dissolve into the blues with a little troubled lightness. It enables its audience to drift into a prop of soul while maintaining a significant awareness of the reality. Being a mood music of its kind, both Choo Choo Ch Boogie or Hoochie Coochie Man brings about an attitude which ea ch audience might not go to bed theyd be taken into on the process.As

Therese of Lisieux Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Therese of Lisieux - Essay prototypeShe almost shares this trait with another woman mystic, Saint Teresa of Avila (1515-1582). As Carol L. Flinters point out oer and over in the lives of these women, perhaps most explicitly in Teresa and Therese, we come to see the incredible readiness that comes of starting with the little things (Enduring Grace, Introduction, PP12). These saints gave away their lives for the sake of God and for others. Saint Therese was born in France in 1873 with a strange background of parenthood. Her father wanted to be a monk and her mother a saint. frankincense after marriage they decided to go for celibacy. It was a priest who convinced them otherwise and they had nine children. tail finr children who survived were all girls. Therese lost her mother when she was just four. Her sixteen year old elder sister, Pauline was her game mother. But she lost this mother too as Pauline joined the Carmelite convent with in five years. Later after a few months when sh e fell ill and when every one thought that she was dying, she prayed at the statue of Mary in her room and found that Mary was smiling at her. She got cured. Carole L. Flinters points out that, such periods of affection and solitary sufferings are seen in the lives of most of these women mystics including Saint Teresa of Avila.

Political Economy of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Political Economy of the European aggregate - Essay Examplestates, assuring thefreedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital.It preserves a common land trade policy,agricultural andfisheriespolicies,and a regional development policy.Fifteen member states have implemented a common currency, theeuro. It has build up a role inforeign policy, and represents its members in theWorld dole out Organization, atG8summits and at theUnited Nations. Twenty-one EU nations are part ofNATO. It has also taken up a responsibility in justice and home affairs, which includes the elimination of passport control between umteen member nations under theSchengen Agreement. (Alan, 2007)The EU functions through a hybrid mechanism ofintergovernmentalismandsupranationalism. In particular areas it relies on agreement among the member states. However, it also possesses supranational bodies, thus is competent to make judgments without agreement between each and every national governments. Among the prominent institutions and bodies of the EU are theEuropean Commission, theEuropean Parliament, theCouncil of the European Union, theEuropean Council, theEuropean Court of Justice,and theEuropean Central Bank. In every five years, the Parliament is elected by the EU citizens. Origins of the EU go back to the composition of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community,formed among six countries in 1951 and theTreaty of Romein 1957. Thereafter the EU has expanded in size via accession of new-sprung(prenominal) associate states, and in authority by adding new policy areas to its remit. (Richard, 2006)Subsequent to theSecond World War, efforts do towards European integration were viewed as a get away approach from the intense forms of nationalism, which had ravaged the continent.Theformation of the European Coal and Steel Community was among one such attempt to bring together Europeans. man having the unassuming aim of federal control of the formerly national coal and steel industries of i ts member nations, it

Business Law - Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Law - Case Study Analysis - Essay ExampleThe opportunity for execration of exclusion clauses is great, particularly with the advent of standard form contracts, where the terminuss of contracts ar non negotiated, but preferably imposed. It is against this background that the law seeks to exercise control over exclusion clauses.Whilst the common law rules do not differentiate between contracts made between businesses and those made between businesses and consumers, the law does recognize the great opportunity for businesses to exploit consumers as seen in Marks case.An exclusion clause will only die if it is a part of the contract. The simplest way in which an exclusion clause may become a term of a contract is if it is a written document which is mutual opposition by the parties. In this instance the parties are taken to have assented to the clause.In LEstrange v Graucob1, the defendant sold to the claimant, Miss LEstrange, who owned a caf in Llandudno, a cigarette sl ot machine, inserting in the sales agreement the pursual clause Any express or implied condition, statement or warranty, statutory or otherwise, is hereby excluded.The claimant signed the agreement but did not read the relevant clause, because she thought it was merely an order form, and she sued for breach of what is at once s.14(3) of the Sale of goods Act 1979, in respect of the unsatisfactory nature of the machine supplied which often jummed and soon became unusable.Where a document contains contractual terms is signed, then in the absence of fraud, or I will add, misrepresentation, the political party signing it is bound, and it is wholly immaterial whether he has read the document or not.2In Curtis v Chemical Cleaning & Dying Co.3, the claimant took a wedding dress, with beads and sequins to the defendants shop for cleaning. She was asked to sign a receipt which contained the following clause This article is accepted on condition that the company is not liable for any damage howsoever

You will develop a brief case study from your own adolescent Essay

You will develop a brief case study from your own adolescent experience - Essay ExampleFinally, I unfeignedly do not understand why parents would like to maintenance the children at home when we wanted to research and discover the world.Parents tend to be very controlling and would like to interpret the world as they involve it from their point of view. And this is very suffocating from an adolescents point of view which is motionlessness in the make for of discovering the world. They also tend to capitalize on their being parents to impose on us that they are unendingly right. This includes knowledge about the world and they tend to interpret the universe according to their world.They also would like to keep us at home saying that there is nothing to be seen outside when everything needs to be seen from our point of view. Everything may already be common to them having all those experiences but it is different from our point of view. Everything is still a novel to us and we w ould like to discover it, experience it and learn from it. We may make stray along the way but we win that it is part of growing up.The most obvious theoretical explanations that would apologize the situation are generational gap, communication gap and overprotective tendency of parents. Generational gap because parents could not see the world from our eyes and would like to interpret it as how they see it fit. They do not realize that the world is changing and that the world is different today compared to their time. conference gap is different from generational gap. Communication gap is more specific to language whereas generational gap are differing mindsets. Parents mode of communication is uneffective and very formal and they do not know how to abbreviate to facilitate understanding quicker. This may be tolerable at first but could get annoying when they do it often. For example, they like long go sermons and talk while we talk in shortcuts such as brb (be right

Consulting in Organizations... for In and Out Advertising Essay

Consulting in Organizations... for In and Out Advertising - render ExampleThe todays vocation world is changing in a very fast rate. The market expansion, development in technology, mergers and acquisitions, need for clientele restriction, financial constriction and governments legislation are c altogethering for charges in military control so that they mountain keep page with the new dynamic world. To find markets for their products governing bodys needs to advertise so as to create awareness of the products availability to the general customers, advertisement can be done locally, regionally, across the nation and internationally depending on the type of products to be advertised.The report carries different theories that are appropriated for effective ad in an organization. The theories covered under this report include, PESTEL, SWOT analysis, the Senges five learning disciplines and porters five forces.Political factor/ milieu will include the tax policies by the governm ent, governments business regulation imposed trade tariffs and restrictions among others. Any business organization is say to known the tax policies carry oning various regions this will help them in estimating the advertising costs in every region this evaluating its importance.The business organization is in any case supposed to know the governments business regulation so as to know the type of products to deal with and how to ... The business organization is also supposed to know the governments business regulation so as to know the type of products to deal with and how to advertise for the same, they also ought to know imposed tariffs and restrictions which will provide important guide on the regions on which advertisement can be done.The organization can apply the semipolitical dogma which is a set of philosophy, ethics and laying claim within a given society. The political factor emerges as the most tumultuous in all the environmental forces.Any business organization need s to equip itself with the knowledge on the prevailing political climate whether locally, internationally, nationally and regionally. The political climate plays a great role in determining and evaluating the likelihood of business failure or business success. If the political climate is unstable then it will affect products marketability affecting negatively on the total sales volume. In such a scenario it is not best(predicate) for firms to extend their advertisement on such regions experiencing political instability. Such advertising efforts may not provide anything for the company translating into huge loses in terms of advertising in a region / nation that is politically stable will yield more success to the company a thing that enhances advertising. (Ansoff, 1965) The business organization needs to know how the economic factor affects its business enterprise, for example, if the business is being operated under a bantam economy then it means that greater efforts need to be applied on advertising so as to increase the sales volume. This can be extended up to the international level so as to

Identify and Discuss Classical Theories about The United Nations Assignment

Identify and Discuss Classical Theories about The United Nations Environment Programme - Assignment modellingIn focussing of UNEP, managers of the organization do not use coercion to guarantee compliance of its workers. However, its managers work out power over their subordinates to assure the employees compliance with organizational directives (Weber, 1958).In UNEP, bureaucracy exists in the perceive that it represents the highest stage of rational development in its administrative system. The organization has delegated duties from the managing director, deputy-managing director to the organizations employees from each one with delimitate duties and responsibilities. For instance, there are fixed official duties at UNEP to ensure that officials have clearly defined duties and are delegated powers or authority to make significant organizational decisions within their sphere of specialization or competence. Further, there is hierarchy of authority at UNEP in that positions are a rranged hierarchally in accordance with the level of authority.Management at UNEP represents an ideal administrative form that is ground on technical expertise and in accordance with the laid down rules and regulations. Webers bureaucratic aspects of an organization evident in the UNEP management is that its managers have charismatic type of authority and it is comprised of a team of technical expertise who are selected and promoted based on their competence to do specific and specialized tasks (Weber, 1958).The classical school of management began in the division 1900 during the industrial revolution. This time, the factory system started to realize new problems in their operation. Scientific management scheme proposed by Fredrick Taylor sought to bring every aspect of industrial production and task performance on an competent and rational basis (Taylor, 2011). The theory was based on the view that organizational performance is improved by systemizing work performance and indus trial operation, offering economic incentives to induce superior performance and standardizing tasks.Scientific theory

What are the trends in non-state conflict over the past 20-30 years Research Paper

What are the trends in non-state struggle over the past 20-30 years (or for whatever time period you have data) - Research Paper exemplificationCitizen to government tensions happen in militaristic states. Often, the civilians consider the government as oppressive, the reason why they booking against it. In other instances, the military rules the state after conducting a successful coup dtat. autobiography is replete with examples such as what happened in Afghanistan in 1978 and Argentina in 1966 (political Instability job Force).Political parties competition is evident based on historical accounts. Compared to ethnic rivalries and citizen to government tensions, this type of non-state conflict is continuous, from 1955 until now. Nevertheless, it is unless apparent in states which are not yet completely democratic like Benin and Congo-Kinshasa (Political Instability Task Force).Significantly, from the year 1946 up to 2005, internal build up conflict has decreased (Williams 159) . From 2002 until 2005, battle-death internal conflicts have declined by roughly seventy percent (Williams 159). However, if the years 1946 and 2004 will be compared, there is a higher incident of non-state armed conflict in the latter year (Williams 159).Ethnic rivalries are recurring as ethnic groups exigency to preserve their identity and existence from generation to generation. There are times when they need to bear blazon just to maintain societys recognition. In some other situations, they have to compete for king and authority. This goes to say that power struggle is evident upon ethnic groups. This struggle turns into conflict when politics and religion marrow into the picture. If the government is not committed to providing a solution, this conflict persists.It is understandable why citizen to government tensions occur in states governed by the military. Often, this kind of government is strict and autocratic, the reason why the citizens could feel dissatisfied and opp ressed (Art and valse 3). Since the one, which has power and authority, is the military, there is no other recourse but to unite and fight. The citizens,

Answer the questions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer the questions - Case probe ExampleFurthermore, it is out of his determination that he started the Element Bar, as an alternative producer of all-natural and organic bars. Third, milling machine is a risk taker. As a strength, this ability grants him the opportunity to position himself in line with newly business ideas in a highly competitive market and goes ahead to invest in them, with the accept of obtaining a substantial market growth.The strength of Element Bars lies in the differentiation of products done in the production of all-natural organic energy bars, as opposed to the competitor firms such as Bear bleak Granola, You Bar, and Humm Foods.On the different hand, Miller portrays weakness points in relation to his negotiation skills. He is a inadequate negotiator, as evidenced in his inability to convince the bank and other sources of financing to loan him cracking to expand on the business. Subsequently, he panics when faced with the interviews with the Shark Ta nk investors, and spends a lot of time preparing, with gibe interviews being organized by his family.Element Bars is also weakened by not having a strong capital base hence, not viable for loan options from a bank or other financial institutions to enable it expand its business capacity. Additionally, has not been in the market for a long time, and lacks the dexterity to withstand the competitive pressure that comes from established firms within the industry (Gasparski, Ryan & Kwiatkowski, 2010).Element Bars has a prominent potential drop in the market of all-natural organic bars given that nearly all its competitor firms atomic number 18 not entirely differentiated into this form of bars. Furthermore, the firm has a potential market in diabetic and healthy conscious consumers who would always choose their products over those from other companies. The company has a huge potential of expanding in growth should it obtain the right amount of capital investment into increased produ ction of the

6 Steps to Decision-Making Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

6 Steps to Decision-Making Process - Assignment ExampleThis paper illustrates that ultimately year at school the author was given a chance to choose a team. He made the poor decision of not considering two cheerleaders to be a part of his team because of bias. The teams composed of these cheerleaders received the only two A the professor gave. The stages of team development are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the forming stage, people tug to know each other. In the storming stage, the group deals with tensions and defines group tasks. The norming stage has the teammates working together and building relationships. In the performing stage, there is maturation in relationships and task performance. Adjourning involves disbanding and celebrating accomplishments. Managing and leading are two distinct concepts when it comes to teamwork. When a person is managing in a team the person gives orders to others on what to do. Leading involves guiding the team o n the right path. Some of the characteristics of an effective team are good communication, existence of teamwork, delivering tasks on time, and performance. To have a better chance to receive an A on a research paper the team moldiness perform good research and dissect information properly.Not having intelligent information affects the process adversely and can lead to making bad decisions. Using information from credited sources such as Plunkett Research, chafe & Bradstreet, and peer-reviewed journals can help the decision-making process.

Arabic Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arabic Knowledge - Essay ExampleThe knowledge of the Greeks, which was passed down to the Romans, would select been doomed to oblivion. However, due to the Arabs study of Greek knowledge and their distance from the effects of Romes downfall, umteen of the Greek studies in the humanities, sciences and mathematics were saved.In the study of humanities, the Arabs were able keep texts of philosophy in course credit to renowned Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Arab scholars such as Ibn-Sina or Avicenna and Ibn Rushd or Averroes were able to preserve the philosophical teachings of Aristotle and Plato with their own understanding and interpretation of their philosophical concepts. This led to the development on Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism, which later on on was adopted by Christian monk-philosophers like Augustine of Hippo and Thomas of Aquinas. Western philosophy was achievable due to the Arab preservation of Greek classical philosophy as the Roman Empire dissolved by the barbarian invasions and

John Adams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

put-on Adams - Essay ExampleThis is evident from the contributions made by Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams. John Adams and Abigail Adams, as a couple, have been researches upon in the past because of their tremendous duo performance in the revolution. Those who whitethorn consider John Adams to be more supportive of the American Revolution need to understand that Abigail has as well played the similar subprogram as her husband. The kin between John and Abigail is considered to be very(prenominal) sozzled because they had similar outlook of life. They both understood the need of democracy in America for which they had to counter monarchy administration (Adams). The great family between John Adams and Abigail Adams has been well addressed by Jeff Shaara in his book uprise to Rebellion. He has summed up the relationship of John Adams and Abigail Adams in a very bright picture. He has mentioned in his book that John Adams and Abigail Adams were sharing same viewpoints. They bo th thought that slavery was non the coming(prenominal) of American nation. They knew that the American nation had a lot of potential for which they needed their rights to practice (McCullough). It will not be in square up to mention that the charisma which must have drawn John Adams to Abigail Adams was her strong standing(a) of political ideology. Abigail was a very strong lady who was able to express her views to politicians confidently and with the usage of correct words for delivery of her ideas. John and Abigail were proven to be a very strong team on the job(p) as a single unit in the shape of marriage. Both of them have been living unconnected from each new(prenominal) but they were still in contact with each other. It is an evident fact that relationship rifle vulnerable when they are not able to communicate with each other. The example of John and Abigail relationship should be used for understanding the strength of relationship (Sloan). When John was away from home, Abigail was writing letters to him and other founding fathers of the revolution in order to keep them morale high and understand the development mark in the timeline. It is interesting to note here that the reason behind John staying away from his family was due to the role of diplomacy that he had to play in the European region. At the same time, Abigail was involved in communication with nation to make them powerful and nationalistic about their motives. In this course, Abigail proved herself as a very good mother who nurtured her kids in the best way (Waldstreicher). Abigail Adams has also gone through a yield of threats from the courts because of her ideological practices. But she did not feel fearful and rather tackled the situation herself. This was the uniqueness of Abigail that helped both of them to become one of the most desirable couple in American history. Other than their political life, John Adams and Abigail Adams very liked each other. The letters that was shared by both of them showed that they were greatly connected to each other. They had stronger depone on each other and often considered each other to be the sole reason for their fill out life. The separation of eighteen years rather increased their screw for each other. This is quite different from the love stories that we witness in the present era. It has often been noted that separation for many years ultimately leads to break up rates. In the case of John Adams and Abigail Adams, love bloomed since teenage. Among several other qualities that were admired by John in Abigail, her intellect

Nurse Ratched Essay Example for Free

Nurse Ratched EssayA former army nurse, Nurse Ratched represents the oppressive mechanization, dehumanization, and emasculation of modern societyin Bromdens words, the Combine. Her nickname is Big Nurse, which sounds like Big Brother, the name use in George Or swells novel 1984 to refer to an oppressive and all-knowing authority. Bromden describes Ratched as being like a machine, and her behavior fits this description even her name is reminiscent of a mechanical tool, sounding like both(prenominal) ratchet and wretched. She enters the novel, and the ward, with a gust of cold. Ratched has complete control over every aspect of the ward, as well as almost complete control over her own emotions. In the first few pages we go through her show her hideous self to Bromden and the aides, only to re march on her doll-like composure before any of the patients catch a glimpse. Her ability to present a false self suggests that the mechanistic and oppressive forces in society gain ascendan ce through the dishonesty of the powerful. Without being aware of the oppression, the quiet and docile slowly become washy and gradually are subsumed.Nurse Ratched does possess a nonmechanical and undeniably human feature in her large bosom, which she conceals as best she can beneath a heavily starched uniform. Her large breasts both exude sex and emphasize her role as a twisted mother figure for the ward. She is able to procedure like an angel of mercy while at the same time shaming the patients into submission she knows their weak sight and exactly where to peck. The patients try to please her during the Group Meetings by airing their dirtiest, darkest secrets, and then they feel deeply humiliated for how she made them act, even though they have done nothing. She maintains her power by the strategic use of pity and guilt, as well as by a determination to divide and conquer her patients.McMurphy manages to ruffle Ratched because he plays her game he picks up on her weak spot s right away. He uses his overt sexuality to throw her off her machinelike track, and he is not taken in by her thin facade of compassion or her falsely therapeutic tactics. When McMurphy rips her shirt open at theend of the novel, he symbolically exposes her hypocrisy and deceit, and she is never able to regain power.

History of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Essay Example for Free

History of manganese Multiphasic Personality Inventory EssayThe assignment was to hire a significant event in the development of psychological shewing, such as the Chinese use up of essay exams for civil service selection, the use of alpha and beta testing in World contend I, Wundts laboratory, or the development of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This paper will discuss the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) explain its significance and how it has affected the development of psychological testing in the twenty-first century. SignificanceThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was published in 1940 and the second revised version was published in 1989 (MMPI-2). It is used to measure adult psychopathology and is the most commonly used measurement in the world (Drayton, 2009). The test was developed with a set of answers that healthy adults would answer and then provides indirect questions as to prevent individuals from being abl e to skew their answers to get a more favorable result. This allows clinicians to have an object measure rather than basing a diagnosis off of their minimal assumptions.The test (MMPI-2) is a self-report measure of a persons psychological state and includes 567 items of true/false questions. According to Drayton (2009), It has nine validity scales (or fraud scales), assessing for lying, defensiveness, faking good and faking bad and among others. These scales make it very difficult to fake the MMPI-2 results. The measure has many clinical scales assessing mental health problems (i.e. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder), personality characteristics (i.e. psychopathy) and general personality traits such as anger, somatization, hypochondriasis, type A sort addiction potential, poor ego strength and many others (p. 135).The MMPI-2 can be used to assess study social and personal maladjustment, identify potential applicants for high-risk public safety positions as wel l as give the ability to support a clinicians expert testimony. It can also assess clients in substance abuse programs and assist in selecting the most beneficial treatment methodology. With rising divorce rates, this discernment can provide valuable insight for marriage and family counseling. Lastly, this test has affected the college and career counseling firmament by providing support for recommendations (Ben-Porath Tellegen, 2008) ConclusionThis paper discussed the brief history of the MMPI and the MMPI-2, what it measures and what is included in the assessment as well as the significance it has in modern culture. Included was the intended use of the assessment, the basic principles that the test contains as well as the vast modern use of the MMPI-2.

Friends or Family Essay Example for Free

Friends or Family EssayWhen you have friends and family, you have those who rush for you. When you have them, you tiret really need anything else. When you have a family and some really adept friends, you know that they will always be there for you. You know that you dirty dog always count on them, and you definitely know that you can trust them with a secret or anything personal. When you are surrounded by them, you realize that nonhing in the world can of all time replace them. Nothing can ever replace the memories that you have.No matter how much money, or how famous, or how glamorous you are, it wouldnt be that gravid if you didnt have friends or a family. I would never trade them in for anything. I would equal to be rich, have pretty shoes, expensive purses, own a ton of make-up, and have a on the whole closet full of clothes. But my family and my friends are much more fundamental. They wear offt even superintend about what I look like or what I wear. I could co me to school in pajamas or wake up looking like a freak, and it wouldnt matter. They dont occupy about looks. And, they really dont care that Im NOT perfect.I dont have to put on an act like Im all that clean to hang out with them. I could act like a total loser and dress up in weird stuff a target holding a mop or a huge crown at the mall and they would start laughing. People would be looking at us like we wear crazy. But we would just laugh knowing that we look retarded. They wouldnt say, I dont know her or something like that. Okay, maybe they would, moreover that is the fun part. Sometimes I powerfulness do another goofy thing like ride a small bike dispirited the street or dance like a maniac. Sometimes, Ill get bored and say something stochastic like I like eggs and my friends wouldnt make a face.My family would start laughing instead. I remember this one time, my friends little brother through my cell phone at my head. It hurt exactly it was really funny. And accordin gly another time, my friends came over and we made dinner for my brother. We mad a whole clobber of Mac and Cheese. Even though nobody ate it, it was still fun. We would have a billion memories we can laugh about from a year from now. If you have unless money, you will be lonely and the only thing you can do is buy things that dont really have any foster if you have no one to share it with.Being lonely in a huge raise and with lots of stuff just lying around might be great for show and all, but when it comes to things that truly matter, friends and family, are whats really important. If I were rich, I would like it at first, but then it would get annoying. Not really knowing who your friends are or not knowing who is using you and who is really there for you. Then, only having some friends, only because they were as rich as you. Im not saying you dont need money, because everybody needs some. But its not the most important thing.

Post-war inequalities in British health and education Essay Example for Free

Post-war inequalities in British health and education EssayPoverty or funky disposable income often results in an inadequate environment and not only for the obvious lack of resources much(prenominal)(prenominal) as books, pens and paper. Damp housing can moderate severe effects on health resulting in lower school attendance rates, or low concentration levels if child is often feeling unwell. not having an allocated area to study is also an important factor. Kellet and Dar (2007) discovered that in low income areas where housing was cramped, children claimed that Television was a distraction from homework because of the noise Other distractions in the home environment were smoking, swearing, banging and loud music. overly that homework clubs were vital to the success of children from disadvantaged families. This study was performed by children, with the guidance and research techniques of sociologists, there for it is perceive as having a deeper and more(prenominal)(pren ominal) honest insight in to childrens issues. Other class factors resulting in underachievement whitethorn be less obvious. Values differ between class perspectives and affect a childs motivation. Bowes et al (1990, p119) states that work class children are more likely to leave school as soon as they can, to adjust a steady job. Where as the middle class value differed gratification and Socialise their children in to lacking to remain in education in the hope of a better(p) job when they do leave. This was sustain by the Child Development survey, which found middle class students staying on at school and achieving better examination results. The Home and The school study (1964) found that the degree of parents interest in their childrens education was the single, intimately important factor affecting attainment. (Haralambos et al, 2004, p102). It found that Middle class parents visited school moreand were generally more interested in their childs education. It also states that an upper middle class child was five times more likely to get in to grammar school than a child from the lower working class. Further more most of the working class pupils who were successful, came from homes where the mothers were sunken middle class. They wanted their children to do well and expressed overmuch parental interest, Bowes et al (1990, p119). This is because parental interest not only has a direct affect on the motivations and values of a child, but also on the school environment.Middle class parents, who often have more spare time and disposable income to invest in fundraising and extra curricular activities, can bawl out the standards of a school immeasurably. Making school a fun place to be, that is enjoyed by all the family, creates the validatory learning environment that children thrive in. Quite understandably most working class parents are to diligent earning a crust to find the time and energy to invest in such endeavors and as such adopt an Educati on is the schools job attitude.It is also understood that language has had a negative affect on the working classs academic attainment. Professor Basil Bernstein has shown that the middle and lower classes use different patterns of speech. He called these patterns linguistic codes. According to Bernstein, most middle class children have been socialised in both restricted and compute codes, and are fluent in each. Whereas working class children are limited to the restricted code. Since teachers tend to be middle class and use the elaborate code, working class pupils are placed at a distinct disadvantage.There is also explanation for underachievement to be found in the hidden curriculum of a working class teacher, that is the subliminal messages he passes to children without intention. The cultural depravation theory states that children in the bottom classes are deprived of important values, attitudes, experiences and skills which are essential to educational success, (Haralambos et al, 2004, p102). This has been strongly criticised and there is evidence that if class differences in acculturation exist, they are slight and of little significance.

Memoirs of C K Janu Against the Hegemony of the Ruling Class Essay Example for Free

Memoirs of C K Janu A profitsst the Hegemony of the Ruling Class EssayC K Janus unfinished autobiography father Foster The Unfinished Story of C K Janu which is translated by N Ravi Shankar is an eloquent testimony to her bravery and her convictions. It is the recounting of her experience in her past. C K Janu is the prominent organic woman leader who managed to gain land for the tribals who were stamped under foot by the elites and the government. She is the leader of the Adivasi tribes who dedicated her youth for the betterment of the tribes. In the origination she became a member of the communist companionship. Later she realised that the party cheated the tribal people and she left the party in1982. Later she organised a tribal meeting in South India in 1992 as a part of the reclamation of the land of the tribe. She incited and led the agitation by the tribal people. For this she was physically and mentally assaulted club times by the Kerala police. In 1994 she was award ed as the best tribal social worker by the presidency of Kerala. But she returned the award.She became the only Indian ambassador of India in the UN tribal conference. Even though illiterate she gave speeches in 120 countries. Later in 2001 the Government of Kerala signed an agreement with the tribal people, but did not economise it. The tribals protested against this in the land at Muthanga . This ended with a massive violence. Till now the cases are breathing out on against her. She cooperated with national and international organisations for some time and now she spends time serving the tribes.

Shoe Horn Essay Essay Example for Free

Shoe Horn Essay EssayThe use of distinctively visual elements allows respondents to hand over and create meaning from otherwise complex concepts. John Mistos play The Shoe Horn Sonata and microph iodine Subritzkys poem Sister both challenges the references interpretation of the traumatic experiences of war. through with(predicate) a range of distinctly visual techniques both composers help create an take c atomic number 18ing of the power of time and the human being spirit as overcoming adversity of war.As Mistos The Shoe Horn Sonata develops, the distinctly visual horizontal surface positioning of Bridie and Sheila changes to demonstrate how the protagonists friendship strengthens over time. Initially Bridie and Sheila are seated at a outdistance for each other, demonstrating the need for them to reveal their stories as a way of overcoming the metaphorical hindrances created by the war. Whilst this metaphorical barrier creates a tone of tension, during their reconcilia tion a contrast in characterisation occurs. The protagonists now hold manpower and sit beside each other on stage. This contrasts creates a shift in tone from one of noise to one of hope and friendship. Mistos use of lay distinctively visual stage positioning allows the audience to recognise that time has allowed the protagonists to resolve their relationship flaws, and therefore shows how their relationship has changed over time from one of incongruence to one of togetherness.Despite the growth in Bridie and Sheilas relationship however distinctively visual projected mental tomography is used to portray that while time can help heal bad experiences, it cannot completely sweep away these memories. Through strategic stage positioning, Misto places Sheila beneath projected images of Starving male prisoners as she does some of lovely of needlework with great intensity. By positioning such distinctive and confronting images above Sheila, Misto shows that even when doing ingenuo us tasks such as needlework, the memories of war will always remain at the fore of the protagonists minds. This positioning acts as a metaphor for the great impact of the war and the difficulty in erasing these memories. This helps responders understand the protagonists difficulties in connecting with each other and their world.Mistos utilisation of the recurring motif of music demonstrates the poetic and admirable friendship and bond these women have created and the power this bond has had in helping them to overcome the atrocities of the war. Music tomography is also reflected in the plays title Sonata, which evokes connotations of dual courage, strength and faith, rising as one to overcome erstwhile(prenominal) atrocities. The Sonata acts as a symbolic metaphor for both Bridie and Sheila, their friendship, and how that relationship has allowed them to overcome their past wartime experiences, whilst reconciling in the present. The use of such powerful and distinctive visual imag ery therefore creates awareness of the atrocities of war and helps responders purity people who endured such atrocities.The power of the human spirit in times of war is also address in Mike Subritzkys Poem Sister. Distinctively visual repetition and personification help responders understand the violence and bloodshed of the Vietnam War. Repetition of blood imagery in Bloodied, broken bodiesBloody combat monger alludes to the prevalence of death during the War, thereby allowing the responder to better understand the feelings of helplessness and misery faced by wounded soldiers. The strength of humanity is symbolised in the characterisation of the nurse who acts as the vehicle of hope to the demise soldiers. The nurse comes to be a visual symbol of courage and hope throughout the poem. When juxtaposed against the imagery of death and dying soldiers Young lives ebbed away Subritzky creates a sense of hope for humanity in their around extreme hour. Furthermore, by hyperbolising t he loss of hope in I kept the faith when even hope was lost the nurse is depicted as being the guiding light and life force for soldiers close to death. By highlighting the humility and selflessness of the nurse, responders become aware of the strength of the human spirit in times of hardship and its ability to make easier very difficult situations.Much like the preceding texts Guo Jians painting The day before I went away alludes to the atrocities of war, although does so in a satirical way. Through the use of distinctively visual heightened colour and flat surface painting technique, the smiling faced captures the assistance of the responder to convey the illusion that the military is a joyful experiencecreated by Chinese propaganda. The juxtaposed characterisation between the glamorous singer in the foreground and grinning soldiers in the background who are set before a looming tank depicts that although propaganda had the initial feel of inviting the reality of war is backgrou nded and hidden. The salient skylark of the image is the glamorous singer, who is toned lighter than the rest of the picture, creating a tone of innocence. She has an outstretched hand, grasping onto the responder of the poster and pulling them into the military. Through distinctively visual elements we as the responder become privy to the insincerity of wartime propaganda. The illusion of soldiers happiness when serving their country is contrasted against the harsh reality of the dangers of war symbolised in the thank trap within the brinks of the painting, as a symbol of their sound and government constraints from which they are unable to escape without locomote into dishonour.

Monopoly and marginal cost Essay Example for Free

Monopoly and peripheral approach Essay employ Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly The pursuit questions practice these skills ? Explain the sources of mart power. ? Apply the measuring rod and worth affects on tax taxation of any movement along a take aim curve. ? Find the gelt maximizing measuring rod and legal injury of a single-m anetary value monopolizer. ? look deadweight bolshy from a single- be monopolist. ? Compute fringy taxation. ? Define the efficiency of P = MC. ? Find the simoleons-maximizing touchstone and price of a perfect-price-discriminating monopolist.? Find the profit-maximizing quantity and price of an imperfect-price-discriminating monopolist. Question Each of the pursuit firms possesses market power. Explain its source. a. Merck, the leavenr of the patented cholesterol- freeze offing drug Zetia b. Chiquita, a supplier of bananas and owner of most banana plantation s c. The Walt Disney Company, the creators of paddy field Mouse Answer to Question a. Merck has a patent for Zetia. This is an example of a g all overnment-created barrier to entry, which gives Merck market power. b. Chiquita controls most banana plantations. Control over a scarce resource gives Chiquita market power.c. The Walt Disney Company has the copyright over animations featuring Mickey Mouse. This Is another example of a government-created barrier to entry that gives the Walt Disney Company market power. Question Skyscraper urban center has a subway system, for which a one-way fare is $1. 50. There is pressure on the mayor to conquer the fee by triad, to $1. 00. The mayor is dismayed, thinking that this leave alone mean Skyscraper City is losing one-third of its revenue from gross revenue of subway tickets. The mayors economic adviser reminds her that she is focusing only on the price aftermath and ignoring the quantity solvent.Explain why the mayors estimate of a one- third outrage of revenue is likely to be an overestimate. Illustrate with a diagram. Answer to Question A reduction in fares from $1. 50 to $1. 00 result reduce the revenue on for distributively one ticket that is currently cuckold by one-third this Is the price solvent. But a reduction in price ordain lead to more than tickets universe sold at the lower price of $1. 00, which creates supererogatory revenue this is the quantity action. The price effect is the loss of revenue on all the currently sold tickets. The quantity effect is the increase in revenue from increased sales as a result of the lower price.Question Consider an application with the demand curve (D) and marginal approach curve (MC) shown in the accompanying diagram. There is no intractable cost. If the industry is a single-price monopoly, the monopolists marginal revenue curve would be MR. Answer the following questions by naming the appropriate points or areas. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly a. If the industry is absolutely combative, what volition be the primitive quantity produced? At what price? b. Which area reflects consumer prodigality nether perfect competition? c. If the industry is a single-price monopoly, what quantity go forth the monopolist produce?Which price will it billing? d. Which area reflects the single-price monopolists profit? e. Which area reflects consumer surplus under single-price monopoly? f. Which area reflects the deadweight loss to society from single-price monopoly? g. If the monopolist brush aside price-discriminate absolutely, what quantity will the perfectly price-discriminating monopolist produce? Answer to Question a. In a perfectly competitive industry, each(prenominal) firm maximises profit by producing the quantity at which price decents marginal cost. That is, all firms together produce a quantity S, corresponding to point R, where the marginal cost curve crosses the demand curve.Price will be equal to mar ginal cost, E. b. Consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above price. In actuate a, we saw that the perfectly competitive price is E. Consumer surplus in perfect competition is in that locationfore the triangle ARE. c. A single-price monopolist produces the quantity at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue, that is, quantity I. Accordingly, the monopolist charges price B, the highest price it flock charge if it privations to sell quantity I. d. The single-price monopolists profit per whole is the difference mingled with price and the bonny heart cost.Since there is no fixed cost and the marginal cost is constant (each building block costs the same to produce), the marginal cost is the same as the average follow cost. That is, profit per unit is the distance BE. Since the monopolist sells I units, its profit is BE times I, or the rectangle BEHF. e. Consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the price. In part c, we saw that the mo nopoly price is B. Consumer surplus in monopoly is therefore the triangle AFB. f.Deadweight loss is the surplus that would have been available (either to consumers or makers) under perfect competition but that is lost when there is a single-price monopolist. It is the triangle FRH. g. If a monopolist can price-discriminate perfectly, it will sell the first unit at price A, the second unit at a slightly lower price, and so forth. That is, it will extract from each consumer just that consumers willingness to chip in, as indicated by the demand curve.It will sell S units, because for the last unit, it can just make a consumer pay a price of E (equal to its marginal cost), and that just covers its marginal cost of producing that last unit. For any come along units, it could not make any consumer pay more than its marginal cost, and it therefore stops selling units at quantity S.Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Question Bob, Bill, Ben, and Brad Baxter have ju st made a documentary film about their basketball team. They are thinking about making the motion-picture show available for download on the meshwork, and they can act as a single-price monopolist if they choose to. Each time the word picture is downloaded, their Internet service provider charges them a fee of $4. The Baxter brothers are arguing about which price to charge customers per download. The accompanying put off shows the demand memorandum for their film. Price of download bill of downloads demanded $10 0 $8 1 $6 3 $4 6 $2 10 $0 15 a.Calculate the total revenue and the marginal revenue per download. b. Bob is proud of the film and wants as many people as possible to download it. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? c. Bill wants as much total revenue as possible. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? d. Ben wants to maximize profit. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? e. Brad wants to charg e the efficient price. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? Answer to Question a. The accompanying table calculates total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue (MR).Recall that marginal revenue is the additional revenue per unit of take Price of download Quantity of downloads TR MR demanded $10 0 $0 $8 1 $8 $8 $6 3 $18 $5 $4 6 $24 $2 $2 10 $20 $-1 $0 15 $0 $-4 b. Bob would charge $0. At that price, there would be 15 downloads, the vauntinglyst quantity they can sell. c. Bill would charge $4. At that price, total revenue is greatest ($24). At that price, there would be 6 downloads. d. Ben would charge $6. At that price, there would be 3 downloads. For any more downloads, marginal revenue would be below marginal cost, and so further downloads would lose the Baxters money.e. Brad would charge $4.A price equal to marginal cost is efficient. At that price, there would be 6 downloads. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Question Suppose that De Beers is a single-price monopolist in the market for diamonds. De Beers has five potential customers Raquel, Jackie, Joan, Mia, and Sophia. Each of these customers will buy at most one diamondand only if the price is just equal to, or lower than, her willingness to pay. Raquels willingness to pay is $four hundred Jackies, $300 Joans, $ two hundred Mias, $ ascorbic acid and Sophias, $0. De Beerss marginal cost per diamond is $ atomic number 6.This leads to the demand schedule for diamonds shown in the accompanying table. Price of Diamond Quantity of Diamonds Demanded $500 0 $400 1 $300 2 $ two hundred 3 $ deoxycytidine monophosphate 4 $0 5 a. Calculate De Beerss total revenue and its marginal revenue. From your calculation, draw the demand curve and the marginal revenue curve. b. Explain why De Beers faces a downward-sloping demand curve. c. Explain why the marginal revenue from an additional diamond sale is slight than the price of the diamond. d. Suppose De Beers currently char ges $200 for its diamonds. If it lowers the price to $century, how rangy is the price effect?How large is the quantity effect? e. Add the marginal cost curve to your diagram from part a and determine which quantity maximizes De Beerss profit and which price De Beers will charge. Answer to Question a. supply revenue (TR) and marginal revenue (MR) are given in the accompanying table. Price of Diamond Quantity of Diamonds TR Demanded $500 0 $0 $400 1 $400 $300 2 $600 $200 3 $600 $100 4 $400 $0 5 $0 MR $400 $200 $0 -$200 -$400 The accompanying diagram illustrates De Beerss demand curve and marginal revenue (MR) curve. b. De Beers is the only producer of diamonds, so its demand curve is the market demand curve.And the market demand curve slopes downward the lower the price, the more customers will buy diamonds. c. If De Beers lowers the price sufficiently to sell one more diamond, it earns extra revenue equal to the Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly price of th at one extra diamond. This is the quantity effect of lowering the price. But there is also a price effect lowering the price means that De Beers also has to lower the price on all other diamonds, and that lowers its revenue. So the marginal revenue of selling an additional diamond is less than the price at which the additional diamond can be sold.d. If the price is $200, then De Beers sells to Raquel, Jackie, and Joan. If it lowers the price to $100, it will also sell a diamond to Mia. The price effect is that De Beers loses $100 (the amount by which it get down the price) each from selling to Raquel, Jackie, and Joan. So the price effect lowers De Beerss revenue by 3 ? $100 = $300. The quantity effect is that De Beers sells one more diamond (to Mia), at $100. So the quantity effect is to reproof De Beerss revenue by $100. e. The marginal cost (MC) curve is constant at $100, as shown in the diagram.Marginal revenue equals marginal cost at a quantity of 2 diamonds. So De Beers will sell 2 diamonds at a price of $300 each. Question Use the demand schedule for diamonds given in the previous question. The marginal cost of producing diamonds is constant at $100. There is no fixed cost. a. If De Beers charges the monopoly price, how large is the respective(prenominal) consumer surplus that each buyer fucks? Calculate total consumer surplus by summing the individual consumer surpluses. How large is producer surplus? Suppose that upstart Russian and Asian producers enter the market and the market becomes perfectly competitive.b. What is the perfectly competitive price? What quantity will be sold in this perfectly competitive market? c. At the competitive price and quantity, how large is the consumer surplus that each buyer experiences? How large is total consumer surplus? How large is producer surplus? d. Compare your make out to part c to your answer to part a. How large is the deadweight loss associated with monopoly in this case? Answer to Question a. The mono poly price is $300. At that price Raquel and Jackie buy diamonds. Raquels consumer surplus is $400 ? $300 = $100 Jackies is $300 ? $300 = $0.So total consumer surplus is $100 + $0 = $100. Producer surplus is $300 ? $100 = $200 for each diamond sold 2 ? $200 = $400. b. In a perfectly competitive market, P = MC. That is, the perfectly competitive price is $100, and at that price 4 diamonds will be soldto Raquel, Jackie, Joan, and Mia. c. At the competitive price, Raquels consumer surplus is $400 ? $100 = $300 Jackies, $300 ? $100 = $200 Joans, $200 ? $100 = $100 and Mias, $100 ? $100 = $0. So total consumer surplus is $300 + $200 + $100 + $0 = $600. Since the price is equal to marginal cost, there is no producer surplus. d.Under perfect competition, the sum of consumer and producer surplus is $600 + $0 = $600. Under monopoly, the sum of consumer and producer surplus is $100 + $400 = $500. So the loss of surplus to society from monopolythe deadweight lossis $600 ? $500 = $100. Question Use the demand schedule for diamonds given in the previous questions. De Beers is a monopolist, but it can right away price-discriminate perfectly among all five of its potential customers. De Beerss marginal cost is constant at $100. There is no fixed cost. a. If De Beers can price-discriminate perfectly, to which customers will it sell diamonds and at what prices?b. How large is each individual consumer surplus? How large is total consumer surplus? Calculate producer surplus by summing the producer surplus generated by each sale. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Answer to Question a. If De Beers can price-discriminate perfectly, it will charge each customer that customers willingness to pay. That is, it will charge Raquel $400, Jackie $300, Joan $200, and Mia $100. De Beers does not want to sell to Sophia since she will only buy at a price of $0, and that would be below De Beerss marginal cost. b.Since each consumer is charged exactly her willingness to pay, there is no consumer surplus. De Beerss producer surplus is $400 ? $100 = $300 from selling to Raquel $300 ? $100 = $200 from selling to Jackie $200 ? $100 = $100 from selling to Joan $100 ? $100 = $0 from selling to Mia. So producer surplus is $300 + $200 + $100 + $0 = $600. Question Download Records decides to release an album by the group Mary and the teeny-weeny Lamb. It produces the album with no fixed cost, but the total cost of downloading an album to a CD and paid Mary her royalty is $6 per album.Download Records can act as a single-price monopolist. Its marketing discrepancy finds that the demand schedule for the album is as shown in the accompanying table. Price of album Quantity of albums demanded $22 0 $20 1,000 $18 2,000 $16 3,000 $14 4,000 $12 5,000 $10 6,000 $8 7,000 a. Calculate the total revenue and the marginal revenue per album. b. The marginal cost of producing each album is constant at $6. To maximize profit, what level of output should Download Records choose, and which price should it charge for each album? c.Mary renegotiates her contract and now needs to be paid a higher royalty per album. So the marginal cost rises to be constant at $14. To maximize profit, what level of output should Download Records now choose, and which price should it charge for each album? Answer to Question a. Total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue per album (MR) is shown in the following table Price of album Quantity of albums TR MR demanded $22 0 $0 $20 1,000 $20,000 $20 $18 2,000 $36,000 $16 $16 3,000 $48,000 $12 $14 4,000 $56,000 $8 $12 5,000 $60,000 $4 $10 6,000 $60,000 $0 $8 7,000 $56,000 -$4 b.If the marginal cost of each album is $6, Download Records will maximize profit by producing 4,000 albums, since for each album up to 4,000, marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost. For any further albums, marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue. Producing 4,000 albums, Download Records will charge $14 for each album. c. If the marginal cost of e ach album is $14, Download Records will maximize profit by producing 2,000 albums, and it will charge $18 per album. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Question The image theater in Collegetown serves two kinds of customers students and professors.There are 900 students and 100 professors in Collegetown. Each students willingness to pay for a movie ticket is $5. Each professors willingness to pay for a movie ticket is $10. Each will buy at most one ticket. The movie theaters marginal cost per ticket is constant at $3, and there is no fixed cost. a. Suppose the movie theater cannot price-discriminate and needs to charge both students and professors the same price per ticket. If the movie theater charges $5, who will buy tickets and what will the movie theaters profit be? How large is consumer surplus?b. If the movie theater charges $10, who will buy movie tickets and what will the movie theaters profit be? How large is consumer surplus? c. Now suppose that, if it chooses to, the movie theater can price-discriminate between students and professors by requiring students to show their student ID. If the movie theater charges students $5 and professors $10, how much profit will the movie theater make? How large is consumer surplus? Answer to Question a. If the movie theater charges $5 per ticket, both students and professors will buy tickets.The movie theater will sell to 1,000 customers (students and professors), at a price of $5 each. Since the movie theaters cost per ticket is $3, its profit is $2 per ticket for a total profit of 1,000 ? $2 = $2,000. Students will experience no consumer surplus, but each of the 100 professors will experience consumer surplus of $10 ? $5 = $5 for a total consumer surplus of 100 ? $5 = $500. b. If the movie theater charges $10 per ticket, only professors will buy tickets. The movie theater will sell to 100 customers (professors) at a price of $10 each.Since the movie theaters cost per ticket is $3, its prof it is $7 per ticket for a total profit of 100 ? $7 = $700. Students experience no consumer surplus since they do not buy any tickets. Each of the 100 professors experiences no consumer surplus since the price is equal to their willingness to pay. So consumer surplus is $0. c. If the movie theater charges students a price of $5, it sells 900 tickets at a profit of $5 ? $3 =$2 each for a profit from selling to students of 900 ? $2 =$1,800. Charging professors $10, it sells 100 tickets at a profit of $10 ? $3 =$7 each for a profit from selling to professors of 100 ?$7 =$700. So the theaters total profit is $1,800 + $700 =$2,500. Since each customer is charged exactly his or her willingness to pay, there is no consumer surplus. Question A monopolist knows that in order to expand the quantity of output it produces from 8 to 9 units that it must lower the price of its output from $2 to $1. Calculate the quantity effect and the price effect. Use these results to calculate the monopolists m arginal revenue of producing the 9th unit. The marginal cost of producing the 9th unit is positive. Is it a good idea for the monopolist to produce the 9th unit?Answer to Question The quantity effect is $1 (the increase in total revenue from selling the 9th unit at $1). The price effect is 8 ? (? $1) =? $8 (the decrease in total revenue from having to lower the price of 8 units by $1 each). So the marginal revenue of producing the 9th unit is $1 ? $8 =? $7. Since marginal revenue is negative, producing the 9th unit is definitely not a good idea it lowers revenue (since marginal revenue is negative), and it increases the total cost (since marginal cost is positive). So it will definitely lower profit. Instead, the monopolist should produce less output.

An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value Essay Example for Free

An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value set aboutWhat remains to be seen however, is whether shareholders are better or worse off with more leverage. Problem 2 does not tell us, because there we computed total shelter of uprightness, and shareholders care about value per share. Ordinarily, total value will be a good proxy for what is happening to the expense per share, but in the episode of a relevering firm, that may not be true. Implicitly we assumed that, as our firm in problems 1-3 levered up, it was repurchasing well-worn on the open market (you will note that EBIT did not change, so management was clearly not investing the proceeds from the loans in cash-generating assets). We held EBIT constant so that we could see clearly the effect of financial changes without acquiring them mixed up in the effects of investments. The point is that, as the firm borrows and repurchases shares, the total value of equity may decline, but the price per share may rise. Now, solving for the price per share may search impossible, because we are dealing with two unknownsshare price and change in the number of shares Share price=Total market value of equity

Ancient Tiahuanacun civilization Essay Example for Free

Ancient Tiahuanacun polishedization EssayAymaras were believed to be descendants from the ancient Tiahuanacun civilization appeargond from the Lake Titicaca. The Indians had their own culture from the way they dressed and the phrase that they used, although, today, some(prenominal) had been speaking Spanish. Aymaras were roughly two million in population and extended their number in southern Peru and in the atomic number 18a where their ancestors first came. Most of the Aymaras lived in the highlands of Altipano, adjusting their clothing to match the coldness of the weather. Although they were tribes, they play a role in the comm superstar by exporting their products to the cities and to the world. at that place were problems in this process because the political relation implied that the ethnics are uncivilized. The government had to cut the linkages of the group to the city, thereby, causing the Aymaras to form syndicates. Like the Aymaras, the Dominican blacks, also, ar e despicable from racial discrimination. They were from Africa and were send overseas to Dominican Republic to improve labor force during the revolt of the locals. afterwards the revolution of slaves, came the Dominican blacks. The Dominican blacks were despised for they had come from the slaves and by that sense, their purpose was only to serve.They were disposed from their positions and are discriminated from the world. Some had been condemned to death. hardly the Blacks fought. They had submitted laws to end the racial discrimination and they excelled and conform toed to their fields as musicians, artists, professionals, and leaders. Blacks are more of green people than the Aymaras. Blacks have become civilized through time and become part of the population. They contributed to the country in many ways. The Aymaras, however, since they are an ethnic group, they were more on life of farmers and shepherds.The Dominican Blacks have lesser obstacles to invite to social acceptan ce and progress since the Blacks had been ending the conflict of discrimination. Many Black leaders are pursue this goal of equality. They show to the world that they are as efficient and clever as their oppressor. They compete and succeed in many times. Artists and players are showing to the world the Black People, and it adds up to the publicity of the Blacks. Nationality and individuality greatly affect the life of a person. Caste system or signifier system is the basis of only the racial discriminations today.They had given importance to the colors and ethnic groups that wounded the people today, in the case of the Dominican Black and the Aymaras. In the anthology, actions of Negroes to end discrimination are rife. Evidence is that the Dominicans hated the Blacks. They had given them names and mocked them. There are many times Aymaras are implied as animals roaming around the city. They are being forced to set off and forced to go home. Movements are formed. It is clear that these movements to end the racial discrimination were going on since the oppressors created the class system.United States of America is a conjunction that is lead by whites. They also despise the Blacks. They discriminate them in their societies. The Blacks are forced out the community. They are literally mocked. Black students are cast away from a nonher(prenominal) whites. Their children are not allowed to play with the Whites. Some petitions of the Black leaders are not accepted by the congress. Their grievances are not heard and are considered not important for they are Blacks. They are always considered as criminals and robbers.Some are shot accidentally by police claiming that they had been robbing the store. Some Black professionals are not paid equally. Unequal treatment is always their distress. In a society where people are colonized, many are oppressed by force. If not, for discrimination and other forms. Colonization and racism goes hand in hand. This is the egress of enslavement of Africans, Blacks, and Aymaras. Poverty in the Latin countries adds up to the enslavement of economy. Literacy and education are precarious star to migration to other countries such as the United States and Spain.These countries oppress these immigrants. The oppressors make them feel incompatible to their society of utter(a) bloods thus, separate them out of the neighborhood. They do not give them enough rights to live freely and to advance their lifestyle. The society themselves are the source of the frequent racial discrimination. There still exists a class around the Latin that is the source of faction for the country and the economy. People are enslaved by their sense that the other groups are incompetent, insignificant, and dull.The unity of the country is greatly affected by the people of colors and pure bloods. Two ideals contrast that leads to civil wars. The government, however, is getting there. The laws which applied to the people are for the end of opp ression and discrimination. This is a total revision of rights of people. But the history behind the slavery and discrimination remains as they progress. There is always the case where Blacks are mocked as slaves. Colonization must stop in these countries. People will continue to suffer these oppressions.

Throckmorten Furniture Essay Example for Free

Throckmorten article of article of piece of furniture Essay incertitude 1Before the customer obtains a harvesting that is very important to him and is quite expensive he will go through a cover. This assist commences when the customer look a sort of deprivation, a motive to buy that commodity. Once that motive runs to a greater extent intense it becomes a drive and forces him to collect a course of action as to come through the product. So this instant the customers starts gathering data about the heavy he wants to buy. aft(prenominal) that he will weight the pros and cons of all the alternatives he could think of as to decide upon the best realistic alternative. After he is confident about his decision, with the support of his findings, he will actually make the grease ones palms. The change doesnt stop quite yet the consumer will in like manner experience a post purchase satisfaction or dissatisfaction as per his experience with the product he bought. If he f eels that his money spent was hygienic spent then he will spread positive word of mouth about the product and where he got it from and hence become a loyal customer. Else, he will provide negative packaging for the connection and its products and this in turn will stain the externalise of the company.Likewise to the above stated process our consumers who buy furniture will also go through the same experience. The contain to buy the furniture can be aroused from many sources like a magazine. If the consumer sees a magazine in which thither is a living room which is so nicely decorated he might feel that his cause living room isnt good enough and feels that he also has to upgrade. Nevertheless the drive to arrest new furniture could also be building up in the consumer for many years notwithstanding due to the fact that he couldnt afford it, the barrier coming in between him and his purchase. The need arousal for the furniture can be countless depending on the personality typ es of different consumers.After the fight to get the new furniture is strong the customer will go to various sources to collect information on the furniture type. He will pay more attention to advertisement which emphasizes the benefit of a event type of furniture material. He will also seek advice from friends and family as he feels that their advice is more original as there is nothing in it for them if they recommend a particular furniture type. Whereas if the sales person of a particular store recommends the same thing to the customer he would look at it with more skepticisms as he feel that there is something in it for the sales person a explosive charge or a bonus. so the customer always looks towards friends and family for the best possible advice. At times some of the members in the family are opinion leaders who the consumer thinks knows everything and will help him make the right decision. Nevertheless, the internet is also a very popular source for seeking informatio n in this present day and age. With vindicatory a click the consumer can get all the possible information about the best unprocessed material, the best prices, etc. the reason wherefore the consumers goes to such a length to seek information is that he has no idea about furnitures. He wants to make the best decision but for this he initial needs to educate himself.The consumers will evaluate furniture of varying stores keeping in mind the image of the store, the image of the brand, sales of the furniture piece, comparative advantage of the brand with competition, etc. After the various brands become been compared the time comes to make the final decision.Its logical to assume that the consumer will select that brand which has the highest paygrade on the criterias that are most important to him. After this the consumer will realize how good or bad his decision was after the furnitures being used. If he feel that the furniture looks and feels good and friends and relatives has shewered him with praises on his decision then he will be delighted with his judgment. Else he will equitable be stuck with something because he spent a lot of money on it.Question 2Throckmorten article of furniture has established itself as a unique designer and expensive store. It aims to cover the upper middle class. Its furniture is expensive but nevertheless it enhances the prestige of the customer. The furniture is meant to satisfy the consumers emotional desire of having a unique one of its kind product. Throckmorten Furniture provides its consumers the benefit of its products uniqueness and exclusiveness which is provided by the furniture mythologic shape and design and durable quality. The consumers know that if they buy the furniture from this store they will be acquiring something more than furniture and that very fact becomes their motive to buy from Throckmorten.Furthermore, the serve ups that Throckmorten provides to its consumers endure given it the asperity of retaining and further attracting consumer. Throckmorten Furniture feels that the consumers are the most valuable asset which they have to take care of that is why they have always stayed proactive and hired a well equipped sales force which knows how to dole out their customers. The corporation follows the marketing principle that is why it makes the furniture types that the consumers would like to see in their houses. Their constant intention to strive for excellence has provided them with an edge that makes it so popular.Throckmorten Furniture is able to provide this unique value to their customers by continuously focusing on the quality of its products, may it be raw material, work in process or finished goods Throckmorten has always tried to make the process more efficient by lessen wastages but in that attempt not compromising on the products quality. Quality is very important for this company and it knows that very well that is why they have quality control at each part of the process. Throckmorten Furniture provides the service value to its consumer by spending a lot of money in hiring the right salesperson. They have places a handsome amount of money in the training of their sales staff as well.Question 3Throckmorten can offer its customers guarantee for their furniture. The customers can get a money back or exchange for their furniture if they are not satisfied. This will decrease the fear that normally creeps into consumers mind when they buy such expensive furniture that they would be stuck with it even if they dont like it. This would be a unique value that the company would be providing to its customers and would definitely give them an edge as farther as competition is concerned.Doing this will be a bit more complicated as now the corporate would have to examine the furniture to see thats it not damaged and will also have to tackle fraudulent claims by some customers who want to misuse this facility. This after sales service would prove to t he customers that Throckmorten is very confident about its products. Not many furniture companies would be willing to take such a step and that is the very fact that would lead to positive publicity for Throckmorten.Question 4Promotion of the product is very important for the furniture industry as the consumers have little acquaintance about varying furniture types they maybe scared of making a purchase decision. So its the job of the industry to educate them of the specification of this industry. As various survey indicate the customers likes the experience of shop for furniture they find it enjoying but nonetheless when the point comes to make the final decision they well(p) feel that they arent ready for that. The loss they would experience is too immense, so this is why the furniture industry has to show the consumers how easy the task really is.The home furnishing council print advertisement was a fantastic way to deposit the consumer at ease. After reading it the consumer feels that buying new furniture isnt that difficult or scary. Hence the company should focus on promoting the product. The more the customers see the print advertisement, the more familiar they will become with the brand. This will lead to the creation of a sort of bond that would compel the customer to buy from that particular store as they feel that the brand has to be good as they have heard of it a lot.For instance, if the customer seeks unique design in exclusive magazines if they like it they will be bound to buy it. Hence the power of mass media should not be under estimated. The company should therefore promote its furniture in all the right places, as it tend to fulfill the requirement of the upper class it slant just advertise in any magazine but only exclusive ones which their target reference views. The same goes with TV ads the advertisement should be placed in between those TV soaps that are viewed by the target market.Additionally Personal Selling of the product sho uld also be rivet by training the sales person as to how to interact with lymph glands. The salesperson shouldnt pressurize the client yet he should give them the time and space they desire. The placement of the furniture, the store layout and environment should also be given due consideration as these are the grammatical constituents that are self speaking prompting element for Throckmorten Furniture.But, the marketer should always remember that they shouldnt overdue their promotion efforts. If they flood the consumers with varying sorts of promotion efforts than that would just lead to the waste of their efforts as they wouldnt notice them. Moreover, nowadays with the TiVo and other digital devices the consumers can tardily block the marketers efforts hence they need to be more clever in making a promotional appeal that is short yet effective, thats the key to successReferencesKotler , Philip , Armstrong, Gary (2007). Principles of Marketing,.Prentice house 12 edition.Schiff man , Leon , Kanuk, Leslie (2006). Consumer Behavior .Prentice Hall 9 edition .Blythe , Jim (1997). The Essence of Consumer Behaviour (Essence of Management Series) . Prentice Hall PTR.

Shakespeares Merchant of Venice Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares merchant of Venice EssayThe persecution of specific races has always been existent, and throughout history, the Jewish religion has suffered most from it. They were convicted of heresy, and often killed because of their beliefs. Such is the good- feelinged of racial discrimination toward loan shark, the Jewish character in The merchant of Venice. Some believe that the character as a greedy, coldhearted villain, which is non the case. In Shakespeares play, The Merchant of Venice, Shylock was a victim of years fence against discrimination toward his religion. One of the most persistent charges against Shylock was that he was cruel and bloodthirsty. Antonio says in act 4 scene 1 that it is impossible to soften his Jewish heart. Bassanio constantly calls him a cur and insults him how can he call Shylock coldhearted when he and many some other characters constantly jeer at Shylock. This similarly added reason for Shylocks revenge. He wasnt a bloodthirsty miscreant, scarce a Jew fighting for revenge against years of organism spet upon, being treated like a dog, being a victim to Christianity. In his I am a Jew speech, he gives these precise reasoning, saying to bait fish withal if it will feed nil else, it will feed my revenge (Act 3, Scene 1).He doesnt seek revenge personally against Antonio, but against the Christians that fix jeered at him and his religion for so long. He explains how since he is a human like any other Christian, he may seek revenge like any other Christian has. The constant repetition in his speech is the word revenge. Shylock is accused of being bloodthirsty and barbarous, when his quest for revenge differed no(prenominal) from the vengeance any other human would seek and deserve.Another reason Shylock was criticized was for not showing mercy toward Antonio. In no way was Shylock impelled to let Antonio off easily. On the contrary, the accord had been made very straightforwardly. Shylock says in act 4, scene 1, Woul dst thou have a serpent sting thee twice? Shylock uses a metaphor to describe the discriminatory acts against him as a serpents sting. He had been stung before by this, and now, when he has a chance for revenge to slay the serpent, he would not back down and let the serpent sting once more. But unfortunately, the serpent evaded his sword on a technicality, and in fact did sting once more. Portia accuses Shylock ofseeking the life of a citizen as an alien, and tells Shylock Downand beg mercy of the Duke (Act 4, scene 1). Through only a mere technicality did Antonio function death, and now Portia taunts Shylock and makes him beg forgiveness? The merciless evil is more evident in the heart of the Christian characters than in Shylock. Shakespeare then tries to compare the Jew with the other characters by having Antonio forgive Shylock. This is how Shakespeare tries to cleanse the image of Christianity, but in sooth, Antonio won the case by a mere technicality, and ridicules Shylock by forgiving him.Shylock was also portrayed by some to be remarkably greedy and stingy . Antonio and Bassanio are shock at the fact of paying interest which Shylock demands. This creates the illusion that Jews began charging interest before Christians did. This, of course, it outright false. recreate was not started by one faith, but by several intelligent people, whether Jewish or not. nowhere is it recorded, but most likely, Christians themselves were the first to incorporate this charge. And if Shylock were truly that greedy, would he not have real the bribe from Bassanio of three times the debt? Bassanio was foolish to believe that Shylock would be tempted with mere money everyplace a life-long revenge that was about to take place. Not only foolish, but very discriminatory to have in mind Shylock was greedy because he was Jewish, and he could just buy Antonios life back from the peril it had encountered.Shakespeares play, The Merchant of Venice, portrayed the image of Jews to be greedy, merciless, and coldhearted. Shylock is thought by many to have been a wicked creep because of this, when in fact he was a victim of racism. This and many other discriminatory plant truly ruined the image of Jewish people and created a stereotype. This stereotype is the cause of hatred toward the faith. In the holocaust, Jews were killed for the mere fact that they were Jewish. The Nazis measured peoples noses because it was assumed that Jews had long noses, and if they didnt pass, they were sent to camps and/or executed. This stereotype is now inevitable. to a fault much hatred has developed, because of these horribly discriminatory pieces of work, to change the life-long struggle for the Jewish people.

Misuse Of Opiates Health And Social Care Essay

Mis uptake Of Opiates Health And Social parcel out EssayThe mis recitation and demoralize of illicit and prescription opiates is a growing difficulty in the united States. Even though Ameri ignores make up less than 5 percent of the worlds cosmos, we consume close to cytosine% of the worlds supply of hydrocodone and nearly 80% of the worlds supply of legal and illegal opiates .Be father of the vast availability of do dosess and its impact on many facets of wellnesscare and the economy, it is imperative that health care providers and policy makers understand what medicates are being abused, who uses these drugs, where the drugs pass off from, and the health and economic burden on the United States. It is becoming exceedingly important for those directly gnarled with substance abusers to understand the physicalal consequences, psychosocial consequences and insularity consequences of drugs. Opiates and opiate derivatives in particular, whether illicit (such(prenominal) as h eroin) or prescription (such as Oxycontin) are being heavily abused across the country. These drugs mess accept serious health implications during use and during abrupt cessation (detoxification or withdrawal).This paper will present a review of the literature on the epidemic of heroin and prescription opiate abuse. Through a critical review, concepts such as the prevalence of the problem, the physical consequences of abuse, the current trends in management of the problem and implications for nursing and healthcare will be explored.Background originally proceeding, it is important to briefly discuss the basic pharmacology of opiate drugs. Opiates, otherwise know as narcotics, include the drugs heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycontin, hydrocodone, methadon and other chemically- link up derivatives. All opiates are considered dispensable only by prescription in the United States with the exclusion of heroin, which is illegal in all circumstances. Opiates wield their effects by act ivating pleasure centers in the brain. The neurobiochemical pose of addiction suggests that over time, the brains chemistry changes so that it yearns for the substance when it is not there and can produce physiologic effects of withdrawal when stopped. Heroin for example, which is chemically-related to morphine (the chemical name for heroin is diamorphine) readily crosses the blood-brain barrier to event a rapid spilling of dopamine into the dopaminergic receptors of the brains neurons. For this reason, the drug is easily addictive and absence of the drug causes a sensation of craving and can cause feelings of illness, such as nausea and diarrhea, when stopped abruptly. .Prevalence of the Problem some(prenominal) researchers in the nursing, allied health and economics disciplines lay down explored and discussed the prevalence of prescription opiate abuse and hypotheses of the origin of the problem. However, there is a large gap in the literature related to the prevalence of i llicit drug abuse (heroin) among different universes. The prevalence data for heroin abuse in the US is largely reported by national flock trends, such as the National Institute of Drug Abuse (part of the National Institutes of Health) adopt on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Even so, the massive survey document pays little guardianship to the problem of heroin abuse and reports only two percent of the 67, d survey respondents using heroin in the month preceding the survey (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009).The etiology of prescription drug misuse and abuse is discussed more heavily in the literature than is heroin abuse. According to the NSDUH, in 2009 4.8% of the survey respondents aged 12 and older reported using prescription opiates for non- medical examination reasons. Of those, over 55% reported obtaining the drug for free from a friend or relative, and 4.8% reported purchasing the drug from a dealer on the streets (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009).Res earchers at Columbia University surveyed adolescents aged 12 to 17 in 2005 and found that 9.3% reported the misuse of prescription opiates over the past month. In exploring the adolescents motives for abuse, the researchers found that the close to usually reported motives were ease of attainment and affordability . Among youthfulness adult college students, prevalence of non-medical prescription opiate abuse has been reported surrounded by seven and nine percent in the past month to twelve to fourteen percent life history prevalence .One of the most at-risk groups for misuse of and addiction to prescription opiates is the chronic paroxysm population. When used appropriately, opiate disturb medications are a amber standard of care for serious pain-related conditions (such as post-operative pain, neuropathic pain and so on). In an effort to let on manage pain, the moment of prescriptions for opiate medications change magnitude 154% in the ten-year period from 1992 to 2002, e ven though the population of the United States increase by only 13% .Although prescription opiates fox been used to track pain and improve the quality of life among acute and chronic pain perseverings, the advent of the drugs misuse has led to a wide body of literature on prescriptive practices and monitoring of opiate drugs. thither delicate balance in the midst of managing pain adequately and the risk for misuse, addiction and warp has been discussed in the literature recently, largely among the adolescent/young adult and chronic pain populations.Although there is a general lack in the literature of the number of people prescribed opiates for chronic pain . There is a large body of literature which suggests that the increased number of prescription opiates for chronic pain patients has contri thated significantly to the drug abuse problem. In studies to investigate the use of prescription opiates for chronic pain, it has been found that pain treatment plans are sparse, good d ocumentation on the patients health history and history of substance abuse is rare, and opiates are sometimes improperly utilized or not indicated at all .Health Consequences of Opiate AbuseBoth prescription and illicit opiates have the electric potential to work a myriad of acute and chronic invalidating health effects for the user. Neurological decline, vision changes, cardiac abnormalities, vascular complications, pulmonary disorders and mortality have been studied and reported.In a study of over 500 opiate addicts, electrocardiographic changes were record in 61% of the sample. These ECG changes included ST-segment elevation, which may indicate ischemic sum damage (or lack of oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium) and QTc prolongation (seen mostly with methadone addicts). Prolonged QTc intervals may lead to unlike triggering of the ventricles and may lead to potentially lethal ventricular tachycardia .The use of heroin and other drugs by guessing with non-sterile or reused w ishles may produce powerful toxins in the bloodstream leading to endocarditis, left ventricular exhaust and death. Researchers in Ireland reviewed the autopsy findings from eight cases of heroin users and found rapid calamitous illness caused by the endotoxin clostridia novyi which caused fatal subendocardial hemorrhage, spleen enlargement and pulmonary edema in all of the subjects studied .Heroin can cause significant acute peripheral and central nervous system complications such as neuropathy and audience loss. In a study six of intravenous and intranasal heroin users admitted to the hospital for acute illness, five had documented rhabdomyolysis between three and 36 hours after administration of the drug. In each of the five cases, there was no documented trauma. Typically rhabdomyolysis occurs after a traumatic, compression-type disfigurement where enzymes spill into the musculature and cause rapid neurological decline, loss of muscle tone and coma. In each of the subjects st udied, no trauma or compression injury occurred . In a group of patients with a reported history of speedballing (or mixing heroin and cocaine), 2 of the 16 studied experienced sudden, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss four hours after speedballing which resolved inside three days. One additional participant experienced sudden hearing loss after speedballing plainly unilaterally. The mechanism by which the hearing loss occurred was described as a accomplishable cochlear perniciousness or autoimmune reaction related directly to the drugs .Injection of drugs of any type can cause vascular complications, skin and soft tissue infections and infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV . In the most severe cases, opiate abuse may lead to death, generally from overdose. Heroin has been related to 1.65 deaths per 100,000 people in the Florida population alone over the last decade and in Alabama between 1986 and 2003, a review of medical examiners reports revealed those whos cause of sudden death was undermined were 5.3 times more likely to have a history of drug abuse . Researchers in the United Kingdom have gain investigated heroin deaths and concluded that overdose related to heroin rarely occurs after the use of heroin alone- in 50% of the cases they reviewed, alcohol was also abstruse .Although studies have been published on the health effects of abuse itself, a review of nursing, medical and allied health literature shows a significant lack of studies on the health consequences of withdrawal (abrupt cessation) of opiate drugs. Several studies have been found relating to the use of pharmacotherapy to treat opiate addiction (such as methadone and similar programs) but no studies have explored the physiologic effects of withdrawal without medication assistance. Searching online databases for relevant articles on opiate withdrawal does not knuckle under any studies other than those using medication-assisted withdrawal therapies (such as methadone and bupren orphine). This is important to populations such as inmates in a correctional facility where pharmacotherapy is not generally used during detoxification and requires further attention .In sum, the potential health-related consequences of opiate abuse can negatively affect a myriad of body systems. The risk of potentially fatal infectious disease, neurological and cardiovascular complications and death by overdose creates a public health problem that demands attention. Health care providers in all arenas must be able to rapidly and appropriately tell apart those at risk.Implications for Advanced Nursing PracticeNurse practitioners are allowed prescriptive authority in close to any state across the country. Depending on the practice setting, they may prescribe opiates to treat pain. Opiates are the gold standard for treating moderate to severe pain in both acute and chronic pain syndromes . There has been some discourse in the literature on the dilemma to treat or not to treat pain w ith opiates. On the one hand, effective pain management is not only ethical but also opiates are effective for many patients for pain management and on the other hand there is a fear of misuse, dependence and addiction issues . The ability for advanced practice nurses to identify drug-seeking behavior, issues with addiction and possible diversion of opiates is crucial to the problem of opiate abuse. As it has been documented in the literature, diversion of prescription opiates generally occurs with the patient selling, trading or giving away the medication to another. According to Annie Gerhardt, emergency room nurse practitioner, drug seekers become victims of their own disease, becoming involved in a tangled web of addiction, drug-seeking, drug diversion and criminal behavior that escalates over time with increased drug use . Gerhardt (2004) suggests monitoring patients treated with opiates for alternate meds before their follow up appointments, patient reports of losing medicat ions, attempting to see different providers for pain medications (which can usually be identified by pharmacies), and scamming providers for more medications by complimenting the provider or the office staff or displaying increased levels of pain in order to procure more medication. When prescribing opiates to treat pain in patients already known to have addiction issues, using sustained-released formulations may reduce dependency while adequately treating pain. Sustained-release formulations usually have a reduced street value and are less likely to be sold and diverted, and the withdrawal from sustained-release opiates is typically not as severe .In terms of advanced practice nursing, prescribers have the erratic ability to screen for potential addiction issues, monitor those who are prescribed addictive medications and potentially insure diversion of those medications to others for whom they are not prescribed. Ultimately, the knowledge of drugs of abuse and health-related cons equences is important for nurses at all levels to possess.Implications for ResearchTo further add to the body of literature on the subject of opiate drug abuse, addiction and withdrawal, several areas still need to be explored.First, patterns of drug use in individual populations and communities should be investigated. The types of drugs most commonly used, the routes of administration of these drugs and their negative health-related consequences should be studied in a variety of communities, both urban and rural, to gain a better understanding of the patterns of use across the country. More research is needed beyond simple prevalence studies on the number of people who use to expand on the actual patterns of abuse. Similarly, the psychosocial consequence of drug use across different populations ineluctably further investigation in order to articulate the negative impact on individuals and communities.Because the abrupt cessation of opiate drugs without medication assistance occurs frequently in specific settings, more research needs to be done on the physiological effects of non-assisted detoxification. The patterns of symptoms of withdrawal and negative health effects among populations such as the incarcerated and the hospitalized need to be explored. The potential for the development of evidence-based protocols for the management of abuse and withdrawal in these settings can occur once the patterns of symptoms and health consequences are documented.ConclusionIn sum, the problem of drug abuse (which extends off the beaten track(predicate) beyond even opiate drugs) has been reported in multiple sources, and prevalence studies seem rampant in the literature. However, overmuch more work needs to be done on the consequences of drug abuse from a healthcare perspective across a variety of populations in different settings to begin to understand the impact of drugs on communities.